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Selected Verse: Numbers 21:1 - Strong Concordance

Verse	Translation	Text
Nu 21:1	Strong Concordance	And when king [04428] Arad [06166] the Canaanite [03669], which dwelt [03427] in the south [05045], heard [08085] tell that Israel [03478] came [0935] by the way [01870] of the spies [0871]; then he fought [03898] against Israel [03478], and took [07617] some of them prisoners [07628].
	King James	And when king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south, heard tell that Israel came by the way of the spies; then he fought against Israel, and took some of them prisoners.

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A Commentary, Critical, Practical, and Explanatory on the Old and New Testaments, by Robert Jamieson, A.R. Fausset and David Brown [1882]
ISRAEL ATTACKED BY THE CANAANITES. (Num. 21:1-35) King Arad the Canaanite--rather, "the Canaanite king of Arad"--an ancient town on the southernmost borders of Palestine, not far from Kadesh. A hill called Tell Arad marks the spot. heard tell that Israel came by the way of the spies--in the way or manner of spies, stealthily, or from spies sent by himself to ascertain the designs and motions of the Israelites. The Septuagint and others consider the Hebrew word "spies" a proper name, and render it: "Came by the way of Atharim towards Arad" [KENNICOTT]. he fought against Israel, and took some of them prisoners--This discomfiture was permitted to teach them to expect the conquest of Canaan not from their own wisdom and valor, but solely from the favor and help of God (Deu 9:4; Psa 44:3-4).

A Commentary, Critical, Practical, and Explanatory on the Old and New Testaments, by Robert Jamieson, A.R. Fausset and David Brown [1882]

ISRAEL ATTACKED BY THE CANAANITES. (Num. 21:1-35)

King Arad the Canaanite--rather, "the Canaanite king of Arad"--an ancient town on the southernmost borders of Palestine, not far from Kadesh. A hill called Tell Arad marks the spot.

heard tell that Israel came by the way of the spies--in the way or manner of spies, stealthily, or from spies sent by himself to ascertain the designs and motions of the Israelites. The Septuagint and others consider the Hebrew word "spies" a proper name, and render it: "Came by the way of Atharim towards Arad" [KENNICOTT].

he fought against Israel, and took some of them prisoners--This discomfiture was permitted to teach them to expect the conquest of Canaan not from their own wisdom and valor, but solely from the favor and help of God (Deu 9:4; Psa 44:3-4).

Notes on the Bible, by Albert Barnes, [1834]
King Arad the Canaanite - Rather, "the Canaanite, the king of Arad." Arad stood on a small hill, now called Tel-Arad, 20 miles south of Hebron. In the south - See Num 13:17, Num 13:22. By the way of the spies - i. e. through the desert of Zin, the route which the spies sent out by Moses 38 years before had adopted (compare Num 13:21). He fought against Israel - This attack (compare Num 20:1 and note), can hardly have taken place after the death of Aaron. It was most probably made just when the camp broke up from Kadesh, and the ultimate direction of the march was not as yet pronounced. The order of the narrative in these chapters, as occasionally elsewhere in this book (compare Num 9:1, etc.), is not that of time, but of subject matter; and the war against Arad is introduced here as the first of the series of victories gained under Moses, which the historian now takes in hand to narrate.

Commentary on the Old Testament, by Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch [1857-78]
Victory of Israel over the Canaanitish King of Arad. - When this Canaanitish king, who dwelt in the Negeb, i.e., the south of Palestine (vid., Num 13:17), heard that Israel was coming the way of the spies, he made war upon the Israelites, and took some of them prisoners. Arad is mentioned both here and in the parallel passage, Num 33:40, and also by the side of Hormah, in Jos 12:14, as the seat of a Canaanitish king (cf. Jdg 1:16-17). According to Eusebius and Jerome in the Onomast., it was twenty Roman miles to the south of Hebron, and has been preserved in the ruins of Tell Arad, which v. Schubert (ii. pp. 457ff.) and Robinson (ii. pp. 473, 620, and 624) saw in the distance; and, according to Roth in Petermann's geographische Mittheilungen (1858, p. 269), it was situated to the south-east of Kurmul (Carmel), in an undulating plain, without trees or shrubs, with isolated hills and ranges of hills in all directions, among which was Tell Arad. The meaning of האתרים שדרך is uncertain. The lxx, Saad., and others, take the word Atharim as the proper name of a place not mentioned again; but the Chaldee, Samar., and Syr. render it with much greater probability as an appellative noun formed from תּוּר with א prosthet., and synonymous with התּרים, the spies (Num 14:6). The way of the spies was the way through the desert of Zin, which the Israelitish spies had previously taken to Canaan (Num 13:21). The territory of the king of Arad extended to the southern frontier of Canaan, to the desert of Zin, through which the Israelites went from Kadesh to Mount Hor. The Canaanites attacked them when upon their march, and made some of them prisoners. Num 21:2-3 The Israelites then vowed to the Lord, that if He would give this people into their hands, they would "ban" their cities; and the Lord hearkened to the request, and delivered up the Canaanites, so that they put them and their cities under the ban. (On the ban, see at Lev 27:28). "And they called the place Hormah," i.e., banning, ban-place. "The place" can only mean the spot where the Canaanites were defeated by the Israelites. If the town of Zephath, or the capital of Arad, had been specially intended, it would no doubt have been also mentioned, as in Jdg 1:17. As it was not the intention of Moses to press into Canaan from the south, across the steep and difficult mountains, for the purpose of effecting its conquest, the Israelites could very well content themselves for the present with the defeat inflicted upon the Canaanites, and defer the complete execution of their vow until the time when they had gained a firm footing in Canaan. The banning of the Canaanites of Arad and its cities necessarily presupposed the immediate conquest of the whole territory, and the laying of all its cities in ashes. And so, again, the introduction of a king of Hormah, i.e., Zephath, among the kings defeated by Joshua (Jos 12:14), is no proof that Zephath was conquered and called Hormah in the time of Moses. Zephath may be called Hormah proleptically both there and in Jos 19:4, as being the southernmost border town of the kingdom of Arad, in consequence of the ban suspended by Moses over the territory of the king of Arad, and may not have received this name till after its conquest by the Judaeans and Simeonites. At the same time, it is quite conceivable that Zephath may have been captured in the time of Joshua, along with the other towns of the south, and called Hormah at that time, but that the Israelites could not hold it then; and therefore, after the departure of the Israelitish army, the old name was restored by the Canaanites, or rather only retained, until the city was retaken and permanently held by the Israelites after Joshua's death (Jdg 1:16-17), and received the new name once for all. The allusion to Hormah here, and in Num 14:45, does not warrant the opinion in any case, that it was subsequently to the death of Moses and the conquest of Canaan under Joshua that the war with the Canaanites of Arad and their overthrow occurred.

Commentary on the Old Testament, by Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch [1857-78]

Victory of Israel over the Canaanitish King of Arad. - When this Canaanitish king, who dwelt in the Negeb, i.e., the south of Palestine (vid., Num 13:17), heard that Israel was coming the way of the spies, he made war upon the Israelites, and took some of them prisoners. Arad is mentioned both here and in the parallel passage, Num 33:40, and also by the side of Hormah, in Jos 12:14, as the seat of a Canaanitish king (cf. Jdg 1:16-17). According to Eusebius and Jerome in the Onomast., it was twenty Roman miles to the south of Hebron, and has been preserved in the ruins of Tell Arad, which v. Schubert (ii. pp. 457ff.) and Robinson (ii. pp. 473, 620, and 624) saw in the distance; and, according to Roth in Petermann's geographische Mittheilungen (1858, p. 269), it was situated to the south-east of Kurmul (Carmel), in an undulating plain, without trees or shrubs, with isolated hills and ranges of hills in all directions, among which was Tell Arad. The meaning of האתרים שדרך is uncertain. The lxx, Saad., and others, take the word Atharim as the proper name of a place not mentioned again; but the Chaldee, Samar., and Syr. render it with much greater probability as an appellative noun formed from תּוּר with א prosthet., and synonymous with התּרים, the spies (Num 14:6). The way of the spies was the way through the desert of Zin, which the Israelitish spies had previously taken to Canaan (Num 13:21). The territory of the king of Arad extended to the southern frontier of Canaan, to the desert of Zin, through which the Israelites went from Kadesh to Mount Hor. The Canaanites attacked them when upon their march, and made some of them prisoners.

Num 21:2-3

The Israelites then vowed to the Lord, that if He would give this people into their hands, they would "ban" their cities; and the Lord hearkened to the request, and delivered up the Canaanites, so that they put them and their cities under the ban. (On the ban, see at Lev 27:28). "And they called the place Hormah," i.e., banning, ban-place. "The place" can only mean the spot where the Canaanites were defeated by the Israelites. If the town of Zephath, or the capital of Arad, had been specially intended, it would no doubt have been also mentioned, as in Jdg 1:17. As it was not the intention of Moses to press into Canaan from the south, across the steep and difficult mountains, for the purpose of effecting its conquest, the Israelites could very well content themselves for the present with the defeat inflicted upon the Canaanites, and defer the complete execution of their vow until the time when they had gained a firm footing in Canaan. The banning of the Canaanites of Arad and its cities necessarily presupposed the immediate conquest of the whole territory, and the laying of all its cities in ashes. And so, again, the introduction of a king of Hormah, i.e., Zephath, among the kings defeated by Joshua (Jos 12:14), is no proof that Zephath was conquered and called Hormah in the time of Moses. Zephath may be called Hormah proleptically both there and in Jos 19:4, as being the southernmost border town of the kingdom of Arad, in consequence of the ban suspended by Moses over the territory of the king of Arad, and may not have received this name till after its conquest by the Judaeans and Simeonites. At the same time, it is quite conceivable that Zephath may have been captured in the time of Joshua, along with the other towns of the south, and called Hormah at that time, but that the Israelites could not hold it then; and therefore, after the departure of the Israelitish army, the old name was restored by the Canaanites, or rather only retained, until the city was retaken and permanently held by the Israelites after Joshua's death (Jdg 1:16-17), and received the new name once for all. The allusion to Hormah here, and in Num 14:45, does not warrant the opinion in any case, that it was subsequently to the death of Moses and the conquest of Canaan under Joshua that the war with the Canaanites of Arad and their overthrow occurred.

Explanatory Notes on the Whole Bible, by John Wesley [1754-65]
King Arad - Or rather, the Canaanite King of Arad: for Arad is not the name of a man, but of a city or territory. And he seems to be called a Canaanite in a general sense, as the Amorites and others. The south - Of Canaan, towards the east, and near the dead sea. Of the spies - Not of those spies which Moses sent to spy the land, for that was done thirty eight years before this, and they went so privately, that the Canaanites took no notice of them, nor knew which way they came or went; but of the spies which he himself sent out to observe the marches and motions of the Israelites. Took some of them prisoners - Which God permitted for Israel's humiliation, and to teach them not to expect the conquest of that land from their own wisdom or valour.

Adam Clarke Commentary on the Whole Bible - Published 1810-1826
The way of the spies - אתרים atharim. Some think that this signifies the way that the spies took when they went to search the land. But this is impossible, as Dr. Kennicott justly remarks, because Israel had now marched from Meribah-Kadesh to Mount Hor, beyond Ezion-Gaber, and were turning round Edom to the south-east; and therefore the word is to be understood here as the name of a place.

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³ For they got [03423] not the land [0776] in possession [03423] by their own sword [02719], neither did their own arm [02220] save [03467] them: but thy right hand [03225], and thine arm [02220], and the light [0216] of thy countenance [06440], because thou hadst a favour [07521] unto them.
⁴ Thou art my King [04428], O God [0430]: command [06680] deliverances [03444] for Jacob [03290].

⁴ Speak [0559] not thou in thine heart [03824], after that the LORD [03068] thy God [0430] hath cast them out [01920] from before [06440] thee, saying [0559], For my righteousness [06666] the LORD [03068] hath brought me in [0935] to possess [03423] this land [0776]: but for the wickedness [07564] of these nations [01471] the LORD [03068] doth drive them out [03423] from before [06440] thee.

¹ And the LORD [03068] spake [01696] unto Moses [04872] in the wilderness [04057] of Sinai [05514], in the first [07223] month [02320] of the second [08145] year [08141] after they were come out [03318] of the land [0776] of Egypt [04714], saying [0559],

¹ Then came [0935] the children [01121] of Israel [03478], even the whole congregation [05712], into the desert [04057] of Zin [06790] in the first [07223] month [02320]: and the people [05971] abode [03427] in Kadesh [06946]; and Miriam [04813] died [04191] there, and was buried [06912] there.

²¹ So they went up [05927], and searched [08446] the land [0776] from the wilderness [04057] of Zin [06790] unto Rehob [07340], as men come [0935] to Hamath [02574].

²² And they ascended [05927] by the south [05045], and came [0935] unto Hebron [02275]; where Ahiman [0289], Sheshai [08344], and Talmai [08526], the children [03211] of Anak [06061], were. (Now Hebron [02275] was built [01129] seven [07651] years [08141] before [06440] Zoan [06814] in Egypt [04714].)

¹⁷ And Moses [04872] sent [07971] them to spy out [08446] the land [0776] of Canaan [03667], and said [0559] unto them, Get you up [05927] this way southward [05045], and go up [05927] into the mountain [02022]:

⁴⁵ Then the Amalekites [06003] came down [03381], and the Canaanites [03669] which dwelt [03427] in that hill [02022], and smote [05221] them, and discomfited [03807] them, even unto Hormah [02767].

¹⁶ And the children [01121] of the Kenite [07017], Moses [04872]' father in law [02859], went up [05927] out of the city [05892] of palm trees [08558] [05899] with the children [01121] of Judah [03063] into the wilderness [04057] of Judah [03063], which lieth in the south [05045] of Arad [06166]; and they went [03212] and dwelt [03427] among [0854] the people [05971].
¹⁷ And Judah [03063] went [03212] with Simeon [08095] his brother [0251], and they slew [05221] the Canaanites [03669] that inhabited [03427] Zephath [06857], and utterly destroyed [02763] it. And the name [08034] of the city [05892] was called [07121] Hormah [02767].

⁴ And Eltolad [0513], and Bethul [01329], and Hormah [02767],

¹⁴ The king [04428] of Hormah [02767], one [0259]; the king [04428] of Arad [06166], one [0259];

¹⁷ And Judah [03063] went [03212] with Simeon [08095] his brother [0251], and they slew [05221] the Canaanites [03669] that inhabited [03427] Zephath [06857], and utterly destroyed [02763] it. And the name [08034] of the city [05892] was called [07121] Hormah [02767].

²⁸ Notwithstanding no devoted thing [02764], that a man [0376] shall devote [02763] unto the LORD [03068] of all that he hath, both of man [0120] and beast [0929], and of the field [07704] of his possession [0272], shall be sold [04376] or redeemed [01350]: every devoted thing [02764] is most [06944] holy [06944] unto the LORD [03068].

² And Israel [03478] vowed [05087] a vow [05088] unto the LORD [03068], and said [0559], If thou wilt indeed [05414] deliver [05414] this people [05971] into my hand [03027], then I will utterly destroy [02763] their cities [05892].
³ And the LORD [03068] hearkened [08085] to the voice [06963] of Israel [03478], and delivered up [05414] the Canaanites [03669]; and they utterly destroyed [02763] them and their cities [05892]: and he called [07121] the name [08034] of the place [04725] Hormah [02767].

²¹ So they went up [05927], and searched [08446] the land [0776] from the wilderness [04057] of Zin [06790] unto Rehob [07340], as men come [0935] to Hamath [02574].

⁶ And Joshua [03091] the son [01121] of Nun [05126], and Caleb [03612] the son [01121] of Jephunneh [03312], which were of them that searched [08446] the land [0776], rent [07167] their clothes [0899]:

¹⁴ The king [04428] of Hormah [02767], one [0259]; the king [04428] of Arad [06166], one [0259];

⁴⁰ And king [04428] Arad [06166] the Canaanite [03669], which dwelt [03427] in the south [05045] in the land [0776] of Canaan [03667], heard [08085] of the coming [0935] of the children [01121] of Israel [03478].