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Selected Verse: Genesis 10:6 - Strong Concordance

Verse	Translation	Text
Ge 10:6	Strong Concordance	And the sons [01121] of Ham [02526]; Cush [03568], and Mizraim [04714], and Phut [06316], and Canaan [03667].
	King James	And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan.

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A Commentary, Critical, Practical, and Explanatory on the Old and New Testaments, by Robert Jamieson, A.R. Fausset and David Brown [1882]
sons of Ham--emigrated southward, and their settlements were: Cush in Arabia, Canaan in the country known by his name, and Mizraim in Egypt, Upper and Lower. It is generally thought that his father accompanied him and personally superintended the formation of the settlement, whence Egypt was called "the land of Ham" [Psa 105:23, Psa 105:27; Psa 106:22].

A Commentary, Critical, Practical, and Explanatory on the Old and New Testaments, by Robert Jamieson, A.R. Fausset and David Brown [1882]

sons of Ham--emigrated southward, and their settlements were: Cush in Arabia, Canaan in the country known by his name, and Mizraim in Egypt, Upper and Lower. It is generally thought that his father accompanied him and personally superintended the formation of the settlement, whence Egypt was called "the land of Ham" [Psa 105:23, Psa 105:27; Psa 106:22].

Notes on the Bible, by Albert Barnes, [1834]
- XXXII. Ham 6. מצרים mı̂tsrayı̂m, "Mitsraim." מצר mētser, "straitness, limit, pressure." מצור mātsôr, "distress, siege, mound, bulwark; Egypt." מצרים mı̂tsrayı̂m, "perhaps double Egypt, lower and upper." פוּט pûṭ, "Put, troubled." 7. סבא sebā', "Seba, drinking (man, Ethiopian)." סבתה sabtâh, "Sabtah." רעמה ra‛mâh, "Ra'mah, shaking, trembling." סבתכא sabtekā', "Sabtekha." שׁבא shēbā', "Sheba, captive?" דדן dedān, "Dedan, going slowly?" 8. נמרד nı̂mrod, "Nimrod, strong, rebel." 10. בבל bābel, "Babel; related: pour, mingle, confound." ארך 'erek, "Erek, length." אכד 'akad, "Akkad, fortress." כלנה kalneh, "Kalneh." שׁנער shı̂n‛ār, "Shin'ar." 11. נינוה nı̂ynevēh, "Nineveh, dwelling?" עיר רחבח rechobot 'ı̂yr, "Rechoboth 'ir, streets of a city." כלח kelach, "Kelach, completion, end, age." 12. רסן resen, "Resen, bridle, bit." 13. לוּדים lûdı̂ym, "Ludim, born?" ענמים ‛ǎnāmı̂ym, "'Anamim, possession, sheep. להבים lı̂hābı̂ym, "Lehabim, fiery, flaming?" נפתהים naptuchı̂ym, "Naphtuchim, opening." 14. פתרסים patrusı̂ym, "Pathrusim." כסלחים kasluchı̂ym, "Kasluchim." פלשׁתים pelı̂shtı̂ym, "Pelishtim", Αλλόφυλοι Allophuloi, "related: break, scatter; Aethiopic "migrate." כפתרים kaptorı̂ym, "Kaphtorim; related: crown, capital." 15. צידון tsı̂ydon, "Tsidon, hunting." צת chēt, "Cheth, breaking, affrighting." 16. יבוּסי yebûsı̂y, "Jebusi; related: tread." אמרי 'emorı̂y, "Emori; related: Say, be high." גגשׁי gı̂rgāshı̂y, "Girgashi; related: clay, clod." 17. צוּי chı̂vı̂y, "Chivvi; related: live." ערקי ‛arqı̂y, "'Arqi; related: gnaw, sting." סיני sı̂ynı̂y, "Sini; related: mud, clay." 18. ארודי 'arvādı̂y, "Arvadi; related: roam, ramble." צמרי; tsemārı̂y, "Tsemari; noun: wool; verb: cover." חמתי chāmātı̂y, "Chamathi; noun: fastness; verb: guard." 19. גרר gerār, "Gerar; related: draw, saw, abide." עזה 'azâh, 'Azzah, strong." סדם sedom, "Sodom; related: shut, stop." עמרה 'amorâh, "'Amorah; noun: sheaf; verb: bind." אדמה 'admâh, "Admah; adjective: red; noun: soil." צבים tseboyı̂m, "Tseboim, gazelles; verb: go forth, shine." לשׁע lesha‛, "Lesha; verb: pierce, cleave." Gen 10:6 And the sons of Ham. - Ham the youngest of the three brothers Gen 9:24, is placed here because he agrees with Japheth in becoming estranged from the true God, and because the last place as the more important is reserved for Shem. As the name of Japheth is preserved in the Ιαπετος Iapetos of the Greeks, so Chain is supposed to appear in Chemi of the Coptic, χημία cheemia of Plutarch, Chine of the Rosetta Stone, an old name of Egypt. This country is also called the land of Ham in Scripture Psa 78:51; Psa 105:23, Psa 105:27; Psa 106:22. But this term was of more comprehensive import, as we find some ancient inhabitants of a region in the south of Judah, said to have come from Ham Ch1 4:40. Thirty primitive nations sprang from Ham. Of these, only four were immediate descendants. (15) Kush has left traces of his name perhaps in the Caucasus, the Caspian, and the Cossaei of Khusistan. There is an allusion in Amos (Amo 9:7) to his migration to the land south of Egypt which bears his name. This name is preserved in Gheez, the name of the ancient language of the people, and some say even in Habesh. It is possible, that some of the Kushites went toward India. To Ethiopia, however, the name generally refers in Scripture. The Ethiopians were called by Homer (Odyssey I. 23), ἔσχατοι ἀνδρῶν eschatoi andrōn, "remotest of men." (16) Mizraim is the ordinary name for Egypt in the Hebrew scriptures. The singular form, Mazor, is found in later books Kg2 19:24; Isa 19:6; Isa 37:25. (17) Put has with one consent been placed beyond Egypt, in the north of the continent of Africa. He is mentioned along with Lubim as the helper of Nineveh (Nab. Isa 3:9), and with Kush, as forming part of the army of Neko Jer 46:9. His descendants penetrated far westward. A river bearing the name of Phutes has been mentioned in Mauretania, and an inland country is designated by the name of Futa. The name may be preserved also in Buto, the capital of lower Egypt, on the Sebennytic mouth of the Nile. (18) Kenaan settled in the country called after his name. There are some grounds for believing that this land was previously inhabited by Shemites, as the land was Shemitic. If so, the Kenaanites came in as intruders, and followed the language of their predecessors. But of this hereafter. Gen 10:7 Kush had five sons and two grandsons, who were reckoned among the founders of nations. (19) Seba is associated with Kush Isa 43:3; Isa 45:14. Josephus (Ant. I. 6, 2; II. 10, 2) places him in Meroe, a country almost insulated by the Nile and its branches, the Astapus (Blue Nile) and Astaboras (Atbarah). (20) Havilah occurs as the name of a country in the antediluvian times. The present Havilah may refer to a tribe in Africa, called Avalitae, lying south of Bab-el-mandeb, which corresponds very well with the situation of Kush and Seba. This nation, however, may also have a representative in the Χαυλοταῖοι Chaulotaioi of Strabo (xvi. 728), situated on the Persian Gulf, where some other Kushites were to be found. The fragments of this nation may have separated by migration, and left its name in both localities. (21) Sabtah, Josephus finds in the Astaborans of Ethiopia, others in Sabota, a town in southwest Arabia. (22) Ramah is traced in Rhegma on the southeast of Arabia. (23) Sabteka is the third name, beginning with the same syllable. Such names are frequent from the Persian Gulf to the coast of Africa. Some find this place on the coast of Abyssinia, others in Samydake on the east side of the Persian Gulf. From Ramah are two tribes descended. (24) Sheba, and (25) Dedan, lying in the south of Arabia or on the Persian Gulf. Daden, an island in the gulf, now Barhein, may represent the latter. Gen 10:8-12 In this episode Gen 10:8-12, the author turns aside from the table of nations to notice the origin of the first great empires that were established on the earth. "And Kush begat Nimrod." The author had before enumerated the sons of Kush, who were heads of nations. Here he singles out one of his sons or descendants, who became the first potentate of whom we have any record. He notices his qualities for rising to this position among men. "He began to be a mighty one in the land. He was mighty in hunting, before the Lord." Hunting is a comprehensive term, indicating the taking of any species of animal, whether of the air, the sea, or the land. Nimrod's distinction in this respect was so great as to become proverbial. The expression, "before the Lord," intimates, not merely that the Lord was cognizant of his proceedings, for he knoweth all things, but that Nimrod himself made no secret his designs, pursued them with a bold front and a high hand, and at the same time was aware of the name and will of Yahweh. This defiant air gives a new character to his hunting, which seems to have extended even to man, as the term is sometimes so applied (Sa1 24:12 (Sa1 24:11), Jer 16:16). His name, which literally means "we shall rebel," is in keeping with the practice of an arbitrary and violent control over men's persons and property. Gen 10:10 The beginning or first seat and the extent of his kingdom among men are then described. It consists of four towns - Babel and Erek and Akkad and Kalneh, in the land of Shinar. The number four is characteristic of Nimrod's kingdom. It is the mark of the four quarters of the earth, of universality in point of extent, and therefore of ambition. The site of Babel (Babylon) has been discovered in certain ruins near Hillah, chiefly on the opposite or eastern bank of the Euphrates, where there is a square mound called Babil by the natives. Erek has been traced also on the east bank of the Euphrates, about one hundred miles southeast of Babil, or half way between the city and the confluence of the rivers. It is the Orchoe of the Greeks, and the ruins now bear the name of Urka, or Warka. This name appears as Huruk on the cuneiform inscriptions of the place. Akkad, in the Septuagint. Archad, Col. Taylor finds in Akkerkoof, north of Babel, and about nine miles west of the Tigris, where it approaches the Euphrates. Here there is a hill or mound of ruins called Tel Nimrud. Rawlinson finds the name Akkad frequent in the inscriptions, and mentions Kingi Akkad as part of the kingdom of Urukh, but without identifying the site. Kalneh, Kalno, Isa 10:9; Kanneh, Eze 27:23, is regarded by Jerome, and the Targum of Jonathan, as the same with Ktesiphon on the Tigris, in the district of Chalonitis. Its ruins are near Takti Kesra. Rawlinson identifies it with Niffer, but without assigning satisfactory grounds. The sites of these towns fix that of Shinar, which is evidently the lower part of Mesopotamia, or, more precisely, the country west of the Tigris, and south of Is, or Hit, on the Euphrates, and Samara on the Tigris. It is otherwise called Babylonia and Chaldaea. Gen 10:11, Gen 10:12 Out of that land came he forth to Asshur. - This may be otherwise rendered, "out of that land came forth Asshur." The probabilities in favor of the former translations are the following: First. The discourse relates to Nimrod. Second. The words admit of it. Third. The word Asshur has occurred hitherto only as the name of a country. Fourth. Asshur, the person, was considerably older than Nimrod, and had probably given name to Asshur before Nimrod's projects began. Fifth. Asshur would have been as great a man as Nimrod, if he had founded Nineveh and its contiguous towns; which does not appear from the text. Sixth. "The beginning of his kingdom" implies the addition to it contained in these verses. Seventh. And the phrases "in the land of Shinar, out of that land," and the need of some definite locality for the second four cities, are in favor of the former rendering. Asshur was a country intersected by the Tigris. It included the part of Mesopotamia north of Shinar, and the region between the Tigris and Mount Zagros. Its extension westward is undefined by any natural boundary, and seems to have varied at different times. Nineveh was a well-known city of antiquity, situated opposite Mosul on the Tigris. The country in which it was placed is called by Strabo Aturia, a variation seemingly of Asshur. It's remains are now marked by the names Nebbi-yunus and Koyunjik. Rehoboth-ir, the city broadway or market, has not been identified. Kelah is said to be now marked by the ruin called Nimrud. This lies on the left bank of the Tigris, near its confluence with the greater Zab, Its name seems to be preserved in the Calachene of Strabo. It was about twenty miles south of Nineveh. It is possible, however, so far as we can conjecture from conflicting authorities, that Kelah may be Kileh Sherghat, about fifty miles south of Mosul, on the right bank of the Tigris. Resen is placed by the text, between Nineveh and Kelah, and is therefore probably represented by Selamiyeh, a village about half way between Koyunjik and Nimrud. If Kelah, however, be Kileh Sherghat, Resen will coincide with Nimrud. "That is the great city." This refers most readily to Resen, and will suit very well if it be Nimrud, which was evidently extensive. It may, however, refer to Nineveh. This completion of Nimrod's kingdom, we see, contains also four cities. The Babylonian and Assyrian monarchies were akin in origin, and allied in their history and in their fall. They were too near each other to be independent, and their mutual jealousies at length brought about the ruin of the northern capital. A Kushite, and therefore a Hamite, founded this first world-monarchy or tyranny. Another Hamite power arose simultaneously in Egypt. A branch of the Kushites seem to have gone eastward, and spread over India. But another branch spread through the South of Arabia, and, crossing into Africa, came into contact, sometimes into alliance, and sometimes into collision with the Egyptian monarchy. The eastern empire is noticed particularly, because it intruded into Shemitic ground, and aimed continually at extending its sway over the nations descended from Shem. Gen 10:13-14 Mizraim has seven sons, from whom are derived eight nations. (26) the Ludim are probably mentioned in Isa 66:19, in connection with Tarshish and Put; in Jer 46:9, in connection with Kush and Put; and in Eze 27:10; Eze 30:5, in connection with Put. In all these instances the name is in the singular, but in our text in the plural, expressly denoting the nation of which Lud was the progenitor. The Ludim were distinguished for the use of the bow. They were, doubtless, an African tribe, related to the Egyptians, and well known to the prophets, though their country cannot now be pointed out. Josephus intimates that they were destroyed, as well as other tribes descended from Mizraim, in the Ethiopic war of the time of Moses; but they still existed in the times of Ezekiel. Movers finds them in the Lewatah, a tribe of Berbers. Others place them in Mauretania. Pliny mentions a river Laud in Tingitana. (27) the Anamim are not elsewhere mentioned. (28) the Lehabim are generally identified with the Lubim Ch2 12:3; Ch2 16:8; Dan 2:43; Nah 3:9, who are introduced in connection with the Kushim. They are probably the Libyans, who lay to the west of Egypt, and, extending from the Mediterranean indefinitely to the south, came into contact with the Kushites of Abyssinia. (29) the Naphtuhim Bochart places in Nephthys, near Pelusium on the Lake Sirbonis. Others find a trace of them in Napata, a town of Meroe. This agrees with the indications of Josephus and the Targum of Jonathan. (30) the Pathrusim have their place in Pathros, a name of upper Egypt or the Thebais. It is arranged by Isaiah Isa 2:11 between Egypt and Kush. (31) the Kasluhim are supposed by some to be represented by the Colchians, whom Herodotus (ii. 104) traces to Egypt. It is possible the Colchians may have been a colony from them. But their original seat must have been somewhere on the coast of the Red Sea. (32) Philistim, who came from (31). The Philistines dwelt on the coast of the Mediterranean, from the border of Egypt to Joppa. They had five principal cities, - Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron. They gave the name פלשׁת peleshet, Pelesheth, to the whole of Kenaan, from which is derived the Greek name Παλαιστὶνη Palaistinee "Palaestina." They are stated by the text to be a colony or offshoot of the Kasluhim. (33) Kaphtorim. From Jer 47:4, it appears that Kaphtor was a coastland. From Amo 9:7, we learn that the Philistines came from this land. Hence, we conclude that the Kaphtorim dwelt on the coast of the Red Sea, adjacent to the Kasluchim, and left their name, perhaps, in Koptos and Αἴγυπτος Aiguptos. Cappadocia, Crete, and Cyprus only slightly resemble the name, and have no other recommendation. The Kasluhim may have been their southern neighbors, and thus the Philistines may have occupied a part of Kaphtor, before their settlement on the coast of the Great Sea, within the borders of Kenaan, where they would, of course, be another tribe (ἀλλόφυλοι allophuloi). This account of these descendants of Mizraim agrees best with the hint of Josephus, that many of them bordered on the Ethiopians; and perished, or perhaps were forced to migrate, in the Ethiopic or other wars (i. 6, 3). Thus, it appears that the descendants of Mizraim were settled in Africa, with the exception of the Philistines, who migrated into the country to which they gave their name. Gen 10:15-19 From Kenaan are descended eleven nations: (34) Zidon is styled his first-born. The name is retained in the well-known town on the coast of Phoenicia, which is accordingly of the highest antiquity among the cities of that region. The Sidonians were reckoned co-extensive with the Phoenicians, and are mentioned by Homer (Iliad 23:743; Odyssey 4:618). (35) Heth. This tribe dwelt about Hebron and in the mountains around, and perhaps still further north in the districts extending toward the Euphrates Gen 23:3; Num 13:29; Jos 1:4. Esau took wives from the Hittites Gen 26:34-35, and some part of the nation existed even after the captivity Ezr 9:1. (36) the Jebusite has his chief seat in and around Jerusalem, which was called Jebus, from his chief; and the citadel of which was wrested from him only in the time of David Sa2 5:7. (37) the Amorite was one of the most important and extensive tribes of Kenaan. Five kings of this nation dwelt in the mountains afterward occupied by Judah Gen 14:7, Gen 14:13; Num 13:29; Jos 10:5, and two on the east of the Jordon, in Heshbon and Bashan, north of Moab Num 21:13; Deu 4:47. The eastern Amorites were conquered under Moses, the western under Joshua. A remnant of them were made bondsmen by Solomon Kg1 9:20. They survived the captivity Ezr 9:1. (38) the Girgashite seems to have lain on the west of the Jordan, and the name may be preserved in the reading Γεργεσηνῶν Gergesēnōn, of Mat 8:28. The town of the Gergesenes is supposed to have been at the southeast of the lake of Gennesaret Gen 15:21; Deu 7:1; Jos 24:11. (39) the Hivite was found at Shalem, Gibeon, and also at the foot of Hermon and Antilibanus Gen 34:2; Jos 9:7; Jos 11:3; Jdg 3:3. The former were also classed under the Amorites Gen 48:22; Sa2 21:2. With the exception of four cities of the Gibeonites, they were conquered by Joshua Jos 9:17; Jos 11:3, Jos 11:19. (40) the Arkite probably dwelt near a town called Arke or Caesarea Libani, lying some miles north of Tripolis, at the foot of Lebanon. Its ruins are still extant at Tel Arka. (41) the Sinite is supposed to have dwelt in Sinna, a town mentioned by Strabo, called Sine by Jerome, and Syn in the fifteenth century (Strab. xvi. 2, 18; Hieron. Quaest. in Gen., Breitenbach, Travels, p. 47), not far from Arke. (42) the Arvadite dwelt in Arvad, Aradus, now Ruad, a Phoenician town on an island of the same name. (43) the Zemarite has been traced in the town Σίμυρα Simura, the ruins of which were found by Shaw at the western foot of Lebanon, under the name of Sumra. (44) the Hamathite was the inhabitant of Hamath, called Hamath Rabbah (the great), by the Greeks Epiphaneia, and at present Hamah. It is situated on the Orontes, and held an important place in the history of Israel. The land of Hamath was of great extent, including the town of Riblab Kg2 25:21 and reaching even to Antioch. The entrance of Hamath חמת בוא bô' chamāt, the northern part of the valley between Lebanon and Antilibanus, formed the utmost boundary of Palestine to the north Num 13:21; Jos 13:5; Kg1 8:65. Its king was in alliance with David Sa2 8:10. And afterward were the families of the Kenaanites spread abroad. - After the confusion of tongues were these nations formed; and after the formation of these Kenaanic tribes occurred the dispersion spoken of in the text. We do not know what was the original seat of the Kenaanites; or whether the dispersion here mentioned was violent or not. Its primary result, however, seems to have been their settlement in the country of which the boundaries are next described. It is not improbable that this land was allotted to a portion of the Shemites, and occupied by them when the Kenaanites entered and established themselves among them Gen 40:15. The Kenaanites probably had the same grasping tendency which displayed itself in Nimrod, their kinsman; and therefore seized upon the country with a high hand, and called it after their name. Their expulsion, on the conquest of the land by the Israelites, and their commercial activity, led to a still further dispersion; as colonies were sent out by them to the distant shores of the Mediterranean, to Asia Minor, Greece, Africa, Spain, and even the British Isles. But it can scarcely be supposed that reference is here made to these subsequent events in their history. Gen 10:19 The border of Kenaan, as here described, extends along the coast from Zidon in the direction of (as thou goest unto) Gerar, which lay between Kadesh and Shur Gen 20:1, and has its name preserved in the Wady el-Jerur, which is nearly in a line connecting Ain el-Weibeh and Suez. It turns at Azzah (Gaza), and passes to the cities of the plain, of which the later history is so memorable. Its terminating point is Lesha, which is generally supposed to be Callirrhoe, to the northeast of the Dead Sea, so called from the hot springs which form a stream flowing into the lake. It is possible, however, that Lesha is only another variation of Laish and Leshem, a city belonging to the Sidonians, and situated near the sources of the Jordan. Thus, we have the western, southern, and eastern border briefly given in this verse. It is manifest, however, that they did not confine themselves to these limits, but "afterward spread abroad" into the adjacent regions. The Hittite went to the northeast; the Amorite crossed the Jordan, and occupied a great part of Peraea; the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite, the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite stretched far north of the boundary. Gen 10:20 The list of the Hamites is summed up Gen 10:20 in the usual form. It appears that Ham occupied Africa and a certain portion of Asia along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, in the south of Arabia, about the lower valley of the Frat and Diljah, and perhaps along the south of Asia. In extent of territory, Japheth ultimately far exceeded, as he occupied most of Asia and almost all of Europe and the New World. Ham is next to him, as he inherited Africa and a portion of Asia. Some of his descendants have also been forcibly transplanted to the New Hemisphere. But in point of political contact with Shem, Japheth, in early times, sinks comparatively into the shade, and Ham assumes the prominent place. Babylon, Kush, Egypt, and Kenaan are the powers which come into contact with Shem, in that central line of human history which is traced in the Bible. Hence, it is that in the table of nations special attention is directed to Kush, Nimrod, Mizraim, and to the tribes and borders of Kenaan.

Notes on the Bible, by Albert Barnes, [1834]

- XXXII. Ham

6. מצרים mı̂tsrayı̂m, "Mitsraim." מצר mētser, "straitness, limit, pressure." מצור mātsôr, "distress, siege, mound, bulwark; Egypt." מצרים mı̂tsrayı̂m, "perhaps double Egypt, lower and upper." פוּט pûṭ, "Put, troubled."

7. סבא sebā', "Seba, drinking (man, Ethiopian)." סבתה sabtâh, "Sabtah." רעמה ra‛mâh, "Ra'mah, shaking, trembling." סבתכא sabtekā', "Sabtekha." שׁבא shēbā', "Sheba, captive?" דדן dedān, "Dedan, going slowly?"

8. נמרד nı̂mrod, "Nimrod, strong, rebel."

10. בבל bābel, "Babel; related: pour, mingle, confound." ארך 'erek, "Erek, length." אכד 'akad, "Akkad, fortress." כלנה kalneh, "Kalneh." שׁנער shı̂n‛ār, "Shin'ar."

11. נינוה nı̂ynevēh, "Nineveh, dwelling?" עיר רחבח rechobot 'ı̂yr, "Rechoboth 'ir, streets of a city." כלח kelach, "Kelach, completion, end, age."

12. רסן resen, "Resen, bridle, bit."

13. לוּדים lûdı̂ym, "Ludim, born?" ענמים ‛ǎnāmı̂ym, "'Anamim, possession, sheep. להבים lı̂hābı̂ym, "Lehabim, fiery, flaming?" נפתהים naptuchı̂ym, "Naphtuchim, opening."

14. פתרסים patrusı̂ym, "Pathrusim." כסלחים kasluchı̂ym, "Kasluchim." פלשׁתים pelı̂shtı̂ym, "Pelishtim", Αλλόφυλοι Allophuloi, "related: break, scatter; Aethiopic "migrate." כפתרים kaptorı̂ym, "Kaphtorim; related: crown, capital."

15. צידון tsı̂ydon, "Tsidon, hunting." צת chēt, "Cheth, breaking, affrighting."

16. יבוּסי yebûsı̂y, "Jebusi; related: tread." אמרי 'emorı̂y, "Emori; related: Say, be high." גגשׁי gı̂rgāshı̂y, "Girgashi; related: clay, clod."

17. צוּי chı̂vı̂y, "Chivvi; related: live." ערקי ‛arqı̂y, "'Arqi; related: gnaw, sting." סיני sı̂ynı̂y, "Sini; related: mud, clay."

18. ארודי 'arvādı̂y, "Arvadi; related: roam, ramble." צמרי; tsemārı̂y, "Tsemari; noun: wool; verb: cover." חמתי chāmātı̂y, "Chamathi; noun: fastness; verb: guard."

19. גרר gerār, "Gerar; related: draw, saw, abide." עזה 'azâh, 'Azzah, strong." סדם sedom, "Sodom; related: shut, stop." עמרה 'amorâh, "'Amorah; noun: sheaf; verb: bind." אדמה 'admâh, "Admah; adjective: red; noun: soil." צבים tseboyı̂m, "Tseboim, gazelles; verb: go forth, shine." לשׁע lesha‛, "Lesha; verb: pierce, cleave."

Gen 10:6

And the sons of Ham. - Ham the youngest of the three brothers Gen 9:24, is placed here because he agrees with Japheth in becoming estranged from the true God, and because the last place as the more important is reserved for Shem. As the name of Japheth is preserved in the Ιαπετος Iapetos of the Greeks, so Chain is supposed to appear in Chemi of the Coptic, χημία cheemia of Plutarch, Chine of the Rosetta Stone, an old name of Egypt. This country is also called the land of Ham in Scripture Psa 78:51; Psa 105:23, Psa 105:27; Psa 106:22. But this term was of more comprehensive import, as we find some ancient inhabitants of a region in the south of Judah, said to have come from Ham Ch1 4:40. Thirty primitive nations sprang from Ham. Of these, only four were immediate descendants.

(15) Kush has left traces of his name perhaps in the Caucasus, the Caspian, and the Cossaei of Khusistan. There is an allusion in Amos (Amo 9:7) to his migration to the land south of Egypt which bears his name. This name is preserved in Gheez, the name of the ancient language of the people, and some say even in Habesh. It is possible, that some of the Kushites went toward India. To Ethiopia, however, the name generally refers in Scripture. The Ethiopians were called by Homer (Odyssey I. 23), ἔσχατοι ἀνδρῶν eschatoi andrōn, "remotest of men."

(16) Mizraim is the ordinary name for Egypt in the Hebrew scriptures. The singular form, Mazor, is found in later books Kg2 19:24; Isa 19:6; Isa 37:25.

(17) Put has with one consent been placed beyond Egypt, in the north of the continent of Africa. He is mentioned along with Lubim as the helper of Nineveh (Nab. Isa 3:9), and with Kush, as forming part of the army of Neko Jer 46:9. His descendants penetrated far westward. A river bearing the name of Phutes has been mentioned in Mauretania, and an inland country is designated by the name of Futa. The name may be preserved also in Buto, the capital of lower Egypt, on the Sebennytic mouth of the Nile.

(18) Kenaan settled in the country called after his name. There are some grounds for believing that this land was previously inhabited by Shemites, as the land was Shemitic. If so, the Kenaanites came in as intruders, and followed the language of their predecessors. But of this hereafter.

Gen 10:7

Kush had five sons and two grandsons, who were reckoned among the founders of nations.

(19) Seba is associated with Kush Isa 43:3; Isa 45:14. Josephus (Ant. I. 6, 2; II. 10, 2) places him in Meroe, a country almost insulated by the Nile and its branches, the Astapus (Blue Nile) and Astaboras (Atbarah).

(20) Havilah occurs as the name of a country in the antediluvian times. The present Havilah may refer to a tribe in Africa, called Avalitae, lying south of Bab-el-mandeb, which corresponds very well with the situation of Kush and Seba. This nation, however, may also have a representative in the Χαυλοταῖοι Chaulotaioi of Strabo (xvi. 728), situated on the Persian Gulf, where some other Kushites were to be found. The fragments of this nation may have separated by migration, and left its name in both localities.

(21) Sabtah, Josephus finds in the Astaborans of Ethiopia, others in Sabota, a town in southwest Arabia.

(22) Ramah is traced in Rhegma on the southeast of Arabia.

(23) Sabteka is the third name, beginning with the same syllable. Such names are frequent from the Persian Gulf to the coast of Africa. Some find this place on the coast of Abyssinia, others in Samydake on the east side of the Persian Gulf. From Ramah are two tribes descended.

(24) Sheba, and (25) Dedan, lying in the south of Arabia or on the Persian Gulf. Daden, an island in the gulf, now Barhein, may represent the latter.

Gen 10:8-12

In this episode Gen 10:8-12, the author turns aside from the table of nations to notice the origin of the first great empires that were established on the earth. "And Kush begat Nimrod." The author had before enumerated the sons of Kush, who were heads of nations. Here he singles out one of his sons or descendants, who became the first potentate of whom we have any record. He notices his qualities for rising to this position among men. "He began to be a mighty one in the land. He was mighty in hunting, before the Lord." Hunting is a comprehensive term, indicating the taking of any species of animal, whether of the air, the sea, or the land. Nimrod's distinction in this respect was so great as to become proverbial. The expression, "before the Lord," intimates, not merely that the Lord was cognizant of his proceedings, for he knoweth all things, but that Nimrod himself made no secret his designs, pursued them with a bold front and a high hand, and at the same time was aware of the name and will of Yahweh. This defiant air gives a new character to his hunting, which seems to have extended even to man, as the term is sometimes so applied (Sa1 24:12 (Sa1 24:11), Jer 16:16). His name, which literally means "we shall rebel," is in keeping with the practice of an arbitrary and violent control over men's persons and property.

Gen 10:10

The beginning or first seat and the extent of his kingdom among men are then described. It consists of four towns - Babel and Erek and Akkad and Kalneh, in the land of Shinar. The number four is characteristic of Nimrod's kingdom. It is the mark of the four quarters of the earth, of universality in point of extent, and therefore of ambition. The site of Babel (Babylon) has been discovered in certain ruins near Hillah, chiefly on the opposite or eastern bank of the Euphrates, where there is a square mound called Babil by the natives. Erek has been traced also on the east bank of the Euphrates, about one hundred miles southeast of Babil, or half way between the city and the confluence of the rivers. It is the Orchoe of the Greeks, and the ruins now bear the name of Urka, or Warka. This name appears as Huruk on the cuneiform inscriptions of the place. Akkad, in the Septuagint. Archad, Col. Taylor finds in Akkerkoof, north of Babel, and about nine miles west of the Tigris, where it approaches the Euphrates. Here there is a hill or mound of ruins called Tel Nimrud. Rawlinson finds the name Akkad frequent in the inscriptions, and mentions Kingi Akkad as part of the kingdom of Urukh, but without identifying the site. Kalneh, Kalno, Isa 10:9; Kanneh, Eze 27:23, is regarded by Jerome, and the Targum of Jonathan, as the same with Ktesiphon on the Tigris, in the district of Chalonitis. Its ruins are near Takti Kesra. Rawlinson identifies it with Niffer, but without assigning satisfactory grounds. The sites of these towns fix that of Shinar, which is evidently the lower part of Mesopotamia, or, more precisely, the country west of the Tigris, and south of Is, or Hit, on the Euphrates, and Samara on the Tigris. It is otherwise called Babylonia and Chaldaea.

Gen 10:11, Gen 10:12

Out of that land came he forth to Asshur. - This may be otherwise rendered, "out of that land came forth Asshur." The probabilities in favor of the former translations are the following: First. The discourse relates to Nimrod. Second. The words admit of it. Third. The word Asshur has occurred hitherto only as the name of a country. Fourth. Asshur, the person, was considerably older than Nimrod, and had probably given name to Asshur before Nimrod's projects began. Fifth. Asshur would have been as great a man as Nimrod, if he had founded Nineveh and its contiguous towns; which does not appear from the text. Sixth. "The beginning of his kingdom" implies the addition to it contained in these verses. Seventh. And the phrases "in the land of Shinar, out of that land," and the need of some definite locality for the second four cities, are in favor of the former rendering.

Asshur was a country intersected by the Tigris. It included the part of Mesopotamia north of Shinar, and the region between the Tigris and Mount Zagros. Its extension westward is undefined by any natural boundary, and seems to have varied at different times. Nineveh was a well-known city of antiquity, situated opposite Mosul on the Tigris. The country in which it was placed is called by Strabo Aturia, a variation seemingly of Asshur. It's remains are now marked by the names Nebbi-yunus and Koyunjik. Rehoboth-ir, the city broadway or market, has not been identified. Kelah is said to be now marked by the ruin called Nimrud. This lies on the left bank of the Tigris, near its confluence with the greater Zab, Its name seems to be preserved in the Calachene of Strabo. It was about twenty miles south of Nineveh. It is possible, however, so far as we can conjecture from conflicting authorities, that Kelah may be Kileh Sherghat, about fifty miles south of Mosul, on the right bank of the Tigris. Resen is placed by the text, between Nineveh and Kelah, and is therefore probably represented by Selamiyeh, a village about half way between Koyunjik and Nimrud. If Kelah, however, be Kileh Sherghat, Resen will coincide with Nimrud. "That is the great city."

This refers most readily to Resen, and will suit very well if it be Nimrud, which was evidently extensive. It may, however, refer to Nineveh. This completion of Nimrod's kingdom, we see, contains also four cities. The Babylonian and Assyrian monarchies were akin in origin, and allied in their history and in their fall. They were too near each other to be independent, and their mutual jealousies at length brought about the ruin of the northern capital. A Kushite, and therefore a Hamite, founded this first world-monarchy or tyranny. Another Hamite power arose simultaneously in Egypt. A branch of the Kushites seem to have gone eastward, and spread over India. But another branch spread through the South of Arabia, and, crossing into Africa, came into contact, sometimes into alliance, and sometimes into collision with the Egyptian monarchy. The eastern empire is noticed particularly, because it intruded into Shemitic ground, and aimed continually at extending its sway over the nations descended from Shem.

Gen 10:13-14

Mizraim has seven sons, from whom are derived eight nations.

(26) the Ludim are probably mentioned in Isa 66:19, in connection with Tarshish and Put; in Jer 46:9, in connection with Kush and Put; and in Eze 27:10; Eze 30:5, in connection with Put. In all these instances the name is in the singular, but in our text in the plural, expressly denoting the nation of which Lud was the progenitor. The Ludim were distinguished for the use of the bow. They were, doubtless, an African tribe, related to the Egyptians, and well known to the prophets, though their country cannot now be pointed out. Josephus intimates that they were destroyed, as well as other tribes descended from Mizraim, in the Ethiopic war of the time of Moses; but they still existed in the times of Ezekiel. Movers finds them in the Lewatah, a tribe of Berbers. Others place them in Mauretania. Pliny mentions a river Laud in Tingitana.

(27) the Anamim are not elsewhere mentioned.

(28) the Lehabim are generally identified with the Lubim Ch2 12:3; Ch2 16:8; Dan 2:43; Nah 3:9, who are introduced in connection with the Kushim. They are probably the Libyans, who lay to the west of Egypt, and, extending from the Mediterranean indefinitely to the south, came into contact with the Kushites of Abyssinia.

(29) the Naphtuhim Bochart places in Nephthys, near Pelusium on the Lake Sirbonis. Others find a trace of them in Napata, a town of Meroe. This agrees with the indications of Josephus and the Targum of Jonathan.

(30) the Pathrusim have their place in Pathros, a name of upper Egypt or the Thebais. It is arranged by Isaiah Isa 2:11 between Egypt and Kush.

(31) the Kasluhim are supposed by some to be represented by the Colchians, whom Herodotus (ii. 104) traces to Egypt. It is possible the Colchians may have been a colony from them. But their original seat must have been somewhere on the coast of the Red Sea.

(32) Philistim, who came from (31). The Philistines dwelt on the coast of the Mediterranean, from the border of Egypt to Joppa. They had five principal cities, - Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron. They gave the name פלשׁת peleshet, Pelesheth, to the whole of Kenaan, from which is derived the Greek name Παλαιστὶνη Palaistinee "Palaestina." They are stated by the text to be a colony or offshoot of the Kasluhim.

(33) Kaphtorim. From Jer 47:4, it appears that Kaphtor was a coastland. From Amo 9:7, we learn that the Philistines came from this land. Hence, we conclude that the Kaphtorim dwelt on the coast of the Red Sea, adjacent to the Kasluchim, and left their name, perhaps, in Koptos and Αἴγυπτος Aiguptos. Cappadocia, Crete, and Cyprus only slightly resemble the name, and have no other recommendation. The Kasluhim may have been their southern neighbors, and thus the Philistines may have occupied a part of Kaphtor, before their settlement on the coast of the Great Sea, within the borders of Kenaan, where they would, of course, be another tribe (ἀλλόφυλοι allophuloi). This account of these descendants of Mizraim agrees best with the hint of Josephus, that many of them bordered on the Ethiopians; and perished, or perhaps were forced to migrate, in the Ethiopic or other wars (i. 6, 3). Thus, it appears that the descendants of Mizraim were settled in Africa, with the exception of the Philistines, who migrated into the country to which they gave their name.

Gen 10:15-19

From Kenaan are descended eleven nations:

(34) Zidon is styled his first-born. The name is retained in the well-known town on the coast of Phoenicia, which is accordingly of the highest antiquity among the cities of that region. The Sidonians were reckoned co-extensive with the Phoenicians, and are mentioned by Homer (Iliad 23:743; Odyssey 4:618).

(35) Heth. This tribe dwelt about Hebron and in the mountains around, and perhaps still further north in the districts extending toward the Euphrates Gen 23:3; Num 13:29; Jos 1:4. Esau took wives from the Hittites Gen 26:34-35, and some part of the nation existed even after the captivity Ezr 9:1.

(36) the Jebusite has his chief seat in and around Jerusalem, which was called Jebus, from his chief; and the citadel of which was wrested from him only in the time of David Sa2 5:7.

(37) the Amorite was one of the most important and extensive tribes of Kenaan. Five kings of this nation dwelt in the mountains afterward occupied by Judah Gen 14:7, Gen 14:13; Num 13:29; Jos 10:5, and two on the east of the Jordon, in Heshbon and Bashan, north of Moab Num 21:13; Deu 4:47. The eastern Amorites were conquered under Moses, the western under Joshua. A remnant of them were made bondsmen by Solomon Kg1 9:20. They survived the captivity Ezr 9:1.

(38) the Girgashite seems to have lain on the west of the Jordan, and the name may be preserved in the reading Γεργεσηνῶν Gergesēnōn, of Mat 8:28. The town of the Gergesenes is supposed to have been at the southeast of the lake of Gennesaret Gen 15:21; Deu 7:1; Jos 24:11.

(39) the Hivite was found at Shalem, Gibeon, and also at the foot of Hermon and Antilibanus Gen 34:2; Jos 9:7; Jos 11:3; Jdg 3:3. The former were also classed under the Amorites Gen 48:22; Sa2 21:2. With the exception of four cities of the Gibeonites, they were conquered by Joshua Jos 9:17; Jos 11:3, Jos 11:19.

(40) the Arkite probably dwelt near a town called Arke or Caesarea Libani, lying some miles north of Tripolis, at the foot of Lebanon. Its ruins are still extant at Tel Arka.

(41) the Sinite is supposed to have dwelt in Sinna, a town mentioned by Strabo, called Sine by Jerome, and Syn in the fifteenth century (Strab. xvi. 2, 18; Hieron. Quaest. in Gen., Breitenbach, Travels, p. 47), not far from Arke.

(42) the Arvadite dwelt in Arvad, Aradus, now Ruad, a Phoenician town on an island of the same name.

(43) the Zemarite has been traced in the town Σίμυρα Simura, the ruins of which were found by Shaw at the western foot of Lebanon, under the name of Sumra.

(44) the Hamathite was the inhabitant of Hamath, called Hamath Rabbah (the great), by the Greeks Epiphaneia, and at present Hamah. It is situated on the Orontes, and held an important place in the history of Israel. The land of Hamath was of great extent, including the town of Riblab Kg2 25:21 and reaching even to Antioch. The entrance of Hamath חמת בוא bô' chamāt, the northern part of the valley between Lebanon and Antilibanus, formed the utmost boundary of Palestine to the north Num 13:21; Jos 13:5; Kg1 8:65. Its king was in alliance with David Sa2 8:10.

And afterward were the families of the Kenaanites spread abroad. - After the confusion of tongues were these nations formed; and after the formation of these Kenaanic tribes occurred the dispersion spoken of in the text. We do not know what was the original seat of the Kenaanites; or whether the dispersion here mentioned was violent or not. Its primary result, however, seems to have been their settlement in the country of which the boundaries are next described. It is not improbable that this land was allotted to a portion of the Shemites, and occupied by them when the Kenaanites entered and established themselves among them Gen 40:15. The Kenaanites probably had the same grasping tendency which displayed itself in Nimrod, their kinsman; and therefore seized upon the country with a high hand, and called it after their name. Their expulsion, on the conquest of the land by the Israelites, and their commercial activity, led to a still further dispersion; as colonies were sent out by them to the distant shores of the Mediterranean, to Asia Minor, Greece, Africa, Spain, and even the British Isles. But it can scarcely be supposed that reference is here made to these subsequent events in their history.

Gen 10:19

The border of Kenaan, as here described, extends along the coast from Zidon in the direction of (as thou goest unto) Gerar, which lay between Kadesh and Shur Gen 20:1, and has its name preserved in the Wady el-Jerur, which is nearly in a line connecting Ain el-Weibeh and Suez. It turns at Azzah (Gaza), and passes to the cities of the plain, of which the later history is so memorable. Its terminating point is Lesha, which is generally supposed to be Callirrhoe, to the northeast of the Dead Sea, so called from the hot springs which form a stream flowing into the lake. It is possible, however, that Lesha is only another variation of Laish and Leshem, a city belonging to the Sidonians, and situated near the sources of the Jordan. Thus, we have the western, southern, and eastern border briefly given in this verse. It is manifest, however, that they did not confine themselves to these limits, but "afterward spread abroad" into the adjacent regions. The Hittite went to the northeast; the Amorite crossed the Jordan, and occupied a great part of Peraea; the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite, the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite stretched far north of the boundary.

Gen 10:20

The list of the Hamites is summed up Gen 10:20 in the usual form. It appears that Ham occupied Africa and a certain portion of Asia along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, in the south of Arabia, about the lower valley of the Frat and Diljah, and perhaps along the south of Asia. In extent of territory, Japheth ultimately far exceeded, as he occupied most of Asia and almost all of Europe and the New World. Ham is next to him, as he inherited Africa and a portion of Asia. Some of his descendants have also been forcibly transplanted to the New Hemisphere. But in point of political contact with Shem, Japheth, in early times, sinks comparatively into the shade, and Ham assumes the prominent place. Babylon, Kush, Egypt, and Kenaan are the powers which come into contact with Shem, in that central line of human history which is traced in the Bible. Hence, it is that in the table of nations special attention is directed to Kush, Nimrod, Mizraim, and to the tribes and borders of Kenaan.

Commentary on the Old Testament, by Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch [1857-78]
Descendants of Ham. - Cush: the Ethiopians of the ancients, who not only dwelt in Africa, but were scattered over the whole of Southern Asia, and originally, in all probability, settled in Arabia, where the tribes that still remained, mingled with Shemites, and adopted a Shemitic language. Mizraim is Egypt: the dual form was probably transferred from the land to the people, referring, however, not to the double strip, i.e., the two strips of land into which the country is divided by the Nile, but to the two Egypts, Upper and Lower, two portions of the country which differ considerably in their climate and general condition. The name is obscure, and not traceable to any Semitic derivation; for the term מצור in Isa 19:6, etc., is not to be regarded as an etymological interpretation, but as a significant play upon the word. The old Egyptian name is Kemi (Copt. Chmi, Kme), which, Plutarch says, is derived from the dark ash-grey colour of the soil covered by the slime of the Nile, but which it is much more correct to trace to Ham, and to regard as indicative of the Hamitic descent of its first inhabitants. Put denotes the Libyans in the wider sense of the term (old Egypt. Phet; Copt. Phaiat), who were spread over Northern Africa as far as Mauritania, where even in the time of Jerome a river with the neighbouring district still bore the name of Phut; cf. Bochart, Phal. iv. 33. On Canaan, see Gen 9:25. Gen 10:7 Descendants of Cush. Seba: the inhabitants of Mero; according to Knobel, the northern Ethiopians, the ancient Blemmyer, and modern Bisharin. Havilah: the Αὐαλῖται or Ἀβαλῖται of the ancients, the Macrobian Ethiopians in modern Habesh. Sabtah: the Ethiopians inhabiting Hadhramaut, whose chief city was called Sabatha or Sabota. Raamah: Ῥεγμά, the inhabitants of a city and bay of that name in south-eastern Arabia (Oman). Sabtecah: the Ethiopians of Caramania, dwelling to the east of the Persian Gulf, where the ancients mention a seaport town and a river Σαμυδάκη. The descendants of Raamah, Sheba and Dedan, are to be sought in the neighbourhood of the Persian Gulf, "from which the Sabaean and Dedanitic Cushites spread to the north-west, where they formed mixed tribes with descendants of Joktan and Abraham." See notes on Gen 10:28 and Gen 25:3. Gen 10:8-9 Besides the tribes already named, there sprang from Cush Nimrod, the founder of the first imperial kingdom, the origin of which is introduced as a memorable event into the genealogy of the tribes, just as on other occasions memorable events are interwoven with the genealogical tables (cf. Ch1 2:7, Ch1 2:23; Ch1 4:22-23, Ch1 4:39-41). (Note: These analogies overthrow the assertion that the verses before us have been interpolated by the Jehovist into the Elohistic document; since the use of the name Jehovah is no proof of difference of authorship, nor the use of ילד for הוליד, as the former also occurs in Gen 10:13, Gen 10:15, Gen 10:24, and Gen 10:26.) Nimrod "began to be a mighty one in the earth." גּבּר is used here, as in Gen 6:4, to denote a man who makes himself renowned for bold and daring deeds. Nimrod was mighty in hunting, and that in opposition to Jehovah (ἐναντίον κυρίον, lxx); not before Jehovah in the sense of, according to the purpose and will of Jehovah, still less, like לאלהים in Jon 3:3, or τῷ Θεῷ in Act 7:20, in a simply superlative sense. The last explanation is not allowed by the usage of the language, the second is irreconcilable with the context. The name itself, Nimrod from מרד, "we will revolt," points to some violent resistance to God. It is so characteristic that it can only have been given by his contemporaries, and thus have become a proper name. (Note: This was seen even by Perizonius (Origg. Babyl. p. 183), who says, "Crediderim hominem hunc utpote venatorem ferocem et sodalium comitatu succinctum semper in ore habuisse et ingeminasse, ad reliquos in rebellionem excitandos, illud nimrod, nimrod, h.e. rebellemus, rebellemus, atque inde postea ab aliis, etiam ab ipso Mose, hoc vocabalo tanquam proprio nomine designatium," and who supports his opinion by other similar instances in history.) In addition to this, Nimrod as a mighty hunter founded a powerful kingdom; and the founding of this kingdom is shown by the verb ותּהי with ו consec. to have been the consequence or result of his strength in hunting, so that the hunting was most intimately connected with the establishment of the kingdom. Hence, if the expression "a mighty hunter" relates primarily to hunting in the literal sense, we must add to the literal meaning the figurative signification of a "hunter of men" ("trapper of men by stratagem and force," Herder); Nimrod the hunter became a tyrant, a powerful hunter of men. This course of life gave occasion to the proverb, "like Nimrod, a mighty hunter against the Lord," which immortalized not his skill in hunting beasts, but the success of his hunting of men in the establishment of an imperial kingdom by tyranny and power. But if this be the meaning of the proverb, יהוה לפני "in the face of Jehovah" can only mean in defiance of Jehovah, as Josephus and the Targums understand it. And the proverb must have arisen when other daring and rebellious men followed in Nimrod's footsteps, and must have originated with those who saw in such conduct an act of rebellion against the God of salvation, in other words, with the possessors of the divine promises of grace. (Note: This view of Nimrod and his deeds is favoured by the Eastern legend, which not only makes him the builder of the tower of Babel, which was to reach to heaven, but has also placed him among the constellations of heaven as a heaven-storming giant, who was chained by God in consequence. Vid., Herzog's Real-Encycl. Art. Nimrod.) Gen 10:10 "And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel," the well-known city of Babylon on the Euphrates, which from the time of Nimrod downwards has been the symbol of the power of the world in its hostility to God; - "and Erech" (Ὀρέχ, lxx), one of the seats of the Cutheans (Samaritans), Ezr 4:9, no doubt Orcho, situated, according to Rawlinson, on the site of the present ruins of Warka, thirty hours' journey to the south-east of Babel; - and Accad (Ἀρχάδ, lxx), a place not yet determined, though, judging from its situation between Erech and Calneh, it was not far from either, and Pressel is probably right in identifying it with the ruins of Niffer, to the south of Hillah; - "and Calneh:" this is found by early writers on the cite of Ctesiphon, now a great heap of ruins, twenty hours north-east of Babel. These four cities were in the land of Shinar, i.e., of the province of Babylon, on the Lower Euphrates and Tigris. Gen 10:11-12 From Shinar Nimrod went to Assyria אשּׁוּר is the accusative of direction), the country on the east of the Tigris, and there built four cities, or probably a large imperial city composed of the four cities, or probably a large imperial city composed of the four cities named. As three of these cities - Rehoboth-Ir, i.e., city markets (not "street-city," as Bunsen interprets it), Chelach, and Resen - are not met with again, whereas Nineveh was renowned in antiquity for its remarkable size (vid., Jon 3:3), the words "this is the great city" must apply not to Resen, but to Nineveh. This is grammatically admissible, if we regard the last three names as subordinate to the first, taking as the sign of subordination (Ewald, 339a), and render the passage thus: "he built Nineveh, with Rehoboth-Ir, Cheloch, and Resen between Nineveh and Chelach, this is the great city." From this it follows that the four places formed a large composite city, a large range of towns, to which the name of the (well-known) great city of Nineveh was applied, in distinction from Nineveh in the more restricted sense, with which Nimrod probably connected the other three places so as to form one great capital, possibly also the chief fortress of his kingdom on the Tigris. These four cities most likely correspond to the ruins on the east of the Tigris, which Layard has so fully explored, viz., Nebbi Ynus and Kouyunjik opposite to Mosul, Khorsabad five hours to the north, and Nimrud eight hours to the south of Mosul. (Note: This supposition of Rawlinson, Grote, M. v. Niebuhr, Knobel, Delitzsch and others, has recently been adopted by Ewald also.) Gen 10:13-14 From Mizraim descended Ludim: not the Semitic Ludim (Gen 10:22), but, according to Movers, the old tribe of the Lewtah dwelling on the Syrtea, according to others, the Moorish tribes collectively. Whether the name is connected with the Laud flumen (Plin. v. 1) is uncertain; in any case Knobel is wrong in thinking of Ludian Shemites, whether Hyksos, who forced their way to Egypt, or Egyptianized Arabians. Anamim: inhabitants of the Delta, according to Knobel. He associates the Enemetiei'm of the lxx with Sanemhit, or Northern Egypt: "tsanemhit, i.e., pars, regio septentrionis." Lehabim (= Lubim, Nah 3:9) are, according to Josephus, the Δἰβνες or Δύβιες, not the great Libyan tribe (Phut, v. 6), which Nahum distinguishes from them, but the Libyaegyptii of the ancients. Naphtuchim: in Knobel's opinion, the Middle Egyptians, as the nation of Pthah, the god of Memphis: but Bochart is more probably correct in associating the name with Νέφθυς in Plut. de Is., the northern coast line of Egypt. Pathrusim: inhabitants of Pathros, Παθούρης, Egypt. Petrs, land of the south; i.e., Upper Egypt, the Thebais of the ancients. Casluchim: according to general admission the Colchians, who descended from the Egyptians (Herod. ii. 104), though the connection of the name with Cassiotis is uncertain. "From thence (i.e., from Casluchim, which is the name of both people and country) proceeded the Philistines." Philistim, lxx Φυλιστιείμ or Ἀλλόφλοι, lit., emigrants or immigrants from the Ethiopic fallâsa. This is not at variance with Amo 9:7 and Jer 47:4, according to which the Philistines came from Caphtor, so that there is no necessity to transpose the relative clause after Philistim. The two statements may be reconciled on the simple supposition that the Philistian nation was primarily a Casluchian colony, which settled on the south-eastern coast line of the Mediterranean between Gaza (Gen 10:19) and Pelusium, but was afterwards strengthened by immigrants from Caphtor, and extended its territory by pressing out the Avim (Deu 2:23, cf. Jos 13:3). Caphtorim: according to the old Jewish explanation, the Cappadocians; but according to Lakemacher's opinion, which has been revived by Ewald, etc., the Cretans. This is not decisively proved, however, either by the name Cherethites, given to the Philistines in Sa1 30:14; Zep 2:5, and Eze 25:16, or by the expression "isle of Caphtor" in Jer 47:4. Gen 10:15-20 From Canaan descended "Zidon his first-born, and Heth." Although Zidon occurs in Gen 10:19 and throughout the Old Testament as the name of the oldest capital of the Phoenicians, here it must be regarded as the name of a person, not only because of the apposition "his first-born," and the verb ילד, "begat," but also because the name of a city does not harmonize with the names of the other descendants of Canaan, the analogy of which would lead us to expect the nomen gentile "Sidonian" (Jdg 3:3, etc.); and lastly, because the word Zidon, from צוּד to hunt, to catch, is not directly applicable to a sea-port and commercial town, and there are serious objections upon philological grounds to Justin's derivation, "quam a piscium ubertate Sidona appellaverunt, nam piscem Phoenices Sidon vocant" (var. hist. 18, 3). Heth is also the name of a person, from which the term Hittite (Gen 25:9; Num 13:29), equivalent to "sons of Heth" (Gen 23:5), is derived. "The Jebusite:" inhabitants of Jebus, afterwards called Jerusalem. "The Amorite:" not the inhabitants of the mountain or heights, for the derivation from אמיר, "summit," is not established, but a branch of the Canaanites, descended from Emor (Amor), which was spread far and wide over the mountains of Judah and beyond the Jordan in the time of Moses, so that in Gen 15:16; Gen 48:22, all the Canaanites are comprehended by the name. "The Girgashites," Γεργεσαῖος (lxx), are also mentioned in Gen 15:21; Deu 7:1, and Jos 24:11; but their dwelling-place is unknown, as the reading Γεργεσηνοί in Mat 8:28 is critically suspicious. "The Hivites" dwelt in Sichem (Gen 34:2), at Gibeon (Jos 9:7), and at the foot of Hermon (Jos 11:3); the meaning of the word is uncertain. "The Arkites:" inhabitants of Ἀρκή, to the north of Tripolis at the foot of Lebanon, the ruins of which still exist (vid., Robinson). "The Sinite:" the inhabitants of Sin or Sinna, a place in Lebanon not yet discovered. "The Arvadite," or Aradians, occupied from the eighth century before Christ, the small rocky island of Arados to the north of Tripolis. "The Zemarite:" the inhabitants of Simyra in Eleutherus. "The Hamathite:" the inhabitants or rather founders of Hamath on the most northerly border of Palestine (Num 13:21; Num 34:8), afterwards called Epiphania, on the river Orontes, the present Hamh, with 100,000 inhabitants. The words in Gen 10:18, "and afterward were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad," mean that they all proceeded from one local centre as branches of the same tribe, and spread themselves over the country, the limits of which are given in two directions, with evident reference to the fact that it was afterwards promised to the seed of Abraham for its inheritance, viz., from north to south, - "from Sidon, in the direction (lit., as thou comest) towards Gerar (see Gen 20:1), unto Gaza," the primitive Avvite city of the Philistines (Deu 2:23), now called Guzzeh, at the S.W. corner of Palestine, - and thence from west to east, in the direction towards Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim (see Gen 19:24) to Lesha," i.e., Calirrhoe, a place with sulphur baths, on the eastern side of the Dead Sea, in Wady Serka Maein (Seetzen and Ritter).

Commentary on the Old Testament, by Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch [1857-78]

Descendants of Ham. - Cush: the Ethiopians of the ancients, who not only dwelt in Africa, but were scattered over the whole of Southern Asia, and originally, in all probability, settled in Arabia, where the tribes that still remained, mingled with Shemites, and adopted a Shemitic language. Mizraim is Egypt: the dual form was probably transferred from the land to the people, referring, however, not to the double strip, i.e., the two strips of land into which the country is divided by the Nile, but to the two Egypts, Upper and Lower, two portions of the country which differ considerably in their climate and general condition. The name is obscure, and not traceable to any Semitic derivation; for the term מצור in Isa 19:6, etc., is not to be regarded as an etymological interpretation, but as a significant play upon the word. The old Egyptian name is Kemi (Copt. Chmi, Kme), which, Plutarch says, is derived from the dark ash-grey colour of the soil covered by the slime of the Nile, but which it is much more correct to trace to Ham, and to regard as indicative of the Hamitic descent of its first inhabitants. Put denotes the Libyans in the wider sense of the term (old Egypt. Phet; Copt. Phaiat), who were spread over Northern Africa as far as Mauritania, where even in the time of Jerome a river with the neighbouring district still bore the name of Phut; cf. Bochart, Phal. iv. 33. On Canaan, see Gen 9:25.

Gen 10:7

Descendants of Cush. Seba: the inhabitants of Mero; according to Knobel, the northern Ethiopians, the ancient Blemmyer, and modern Bisharin. Havilah: the Αὐαλῖται or Ἀβαλῖται of the ancients, the Macrobian Ethiopians in modern Habesh. Sabtah: the Ethiopians inhabiting Hadhramaut, whose chief city was called Sabatha or Sabota. Raamah: Ῥεγμά, the inhabitants of a city and bay of that name in south-eastern Arabia (Oman). Sabtecah: the Ethiopians of Caramania, dwelling to the east of the Persian Gulf, where the ancients mention a seaport town and a river Σαμυδάκη. The descendants of Raamah, Sheba and Dedan, are to be sought in the neighbourhood of the Persian Gulf, "from which the Sabaean and Dedanitic Cushites spread to the north-west, where they formed mixed tribes with descendants of Joktan and Abraham." See notes on Gen 10:28 and Gen 25:3.

Gen 10:8-9

Besides the tribes already named, there sprang from Cush Nimrod, the founder of the first imperial kingdom, the origin of which is introduced as a memorable event into the genealogy of the tribes, just as on other occasions memorable events are interwoven with the genealogical tables (cf. Ch1 2:7, Ch1 2:23; Ch1 4:22-23, Ch1 4:39-41).

(Note: These analogies overthrow the assertion that the verses before us have been interpolated by the Jehovist into the Elohistic document; since the use of the name Jehovah is no proof of difference of authorship, nor the use of ילד for הוליד, as the former also occurs in Gen 10:13, Gen 10:15, Gen 10:24, and Gen 10:26.)

Nimrod "began to be a mighty one in the earth." גּבּר is used here, as in Gen 6:4, to denote a man who makes himself renowned for bold and daring deeds. Nimrod was mighty in hunting, and that in opposition to Jehovah (ἐναντίον κυρίον, lxx); not before Jehovah in the sense of, according to the purpose and will of Jehovah, still less, like לאלהים in Jon 3:3, or τῷ Θεῷ in Act 7:20, in a simply superlative sense. The last explanation is not allowed by the usage of the language, the second is irreconcilable with the context. The name itself, Nimrod from מרד, "we will revolt," points to some violent resistance to God. It is so characteristic that it can only have been given by his contemporaries, and thus have become a proper name.

(Note: This was seen even by Perizonius (Origg. Babyl. p. 183), who says, "Crediderim hominem hunc utpote venatorem ferocem et sodalium comitatu succinctum semper in ore habuisse et ingeminasse, ad reliquos in rebellionem excitandos, illud nimrod, nimrod, h.e. rebellemus, rebellemus, atque inde postea ab aliis, etiam ab ipso Mose, hoc vocabalo tanquam proprio nomine designatium," and who supports his opinion by other similar instances in history.)

In addition to this, Nimrod as a mighty hunter founded a powerful kingdom; and the founding of this kingdom is shown by the verb ותּהי with ו consec. to have been the consequence or result of his strength in hunting, so that the hunting was most intimately connected with the establishment of the kingdom. Hence, if the expression "a mighty hunter" relates primarily to hunting in the literal sense, we must add to the literal meaning the figurative signification of a "hunter of men" ("trapper of men by stratagem and force," Herder); Nimrod the hunter became a tyrant, a powerful hunter of men. This course of life gave occasion to the proverb, "like Nimrod, a mighty hunter against the Lord," which immortalized not his skill in hunting beasts, but the success of his hunting of men in the establishment of an imperial kingdom by tyranny and power. But if this be the meaning of the proverb, יהוה לפני "in the face of Jehovah" can only mean in defiance of Jehovah, as Josephus and the Targums understand it. And the proverb must have arisen when other daring and rebellious men followed in Nimrod's footsteps, and must have originated with those who saw in such conduct an act of rebellion against the God of salvation, in other words, with the possessors of the divine promises of grace.

(Note: This view of Nimrod and his deeds is favoured by the Eastern legend, which not only makes him the builder of the tower of Babel, which was to reach to heaven, but has also placed him among the constellations of heaven as a heaven-storming giant, who was chained by God in consequence. Vid., Herzog's Real-Encycl. Art. Nimrod.)

Gen 10:10

"And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel," the well-known city of Babylon on the Euphrates, which from the time of Nimrod downwards has been the symbol of the power of the world in its hostility to God; - "and Erech" (Ὀρέχ, lxx), one of the seats of the Cutheans (Samaritans), Ezr 4:9, no doubt Orcho, situated, according to Rawlinson, on the site of the present ruins of Warka, thirty hours' journey to the south-east of Babel; - and Accad (Ἀρχάδ, lxx), a place not yet determined, though, judging from its situation between Erech and Calneh, it was not far from either, and Pressel is probably right in identifying it with the ruins of Niffer, to the south of Hillah; - "and Calneh:" this is found by early writers on the cite of Ctesiphon, now a great heap of ruins, twenty hours north-east of Babel. These four cities were in the land of Shinar, i.e., of the province of Babylon, on the Lower Euphrates and Tigris.

Gen 10:11-12

From Shinar Nimrod went to Assyria אשּׁוּר is the accusative of direction), the country on the east of the Tigris, and there built four cities, or probably a large imperial city composed of the four cities, or probably a large imperial city composed of the four cities named. As three of these cities - Rehoboth-Ir, i.e., city markets (not "street-city," as Bunsen interprets it), Chelach, and Resen - are not met with again, whereas Nineveh was renowned in antiquity for its remarkable size (vid., Jon 3:3), the words "this is the great city" must apply not to Resen, but to Nineveh. This is grammatically admissible, if we regard the last three names as subordinate to the first, taking as the sign of subordination (Ewald, 339a), and render the passage thus: "he built Nineveh, with Rehoboth-Ir, Cheloch, and Resen between Nineveh and Chelach, this is the great city." From this it follows that the four places formed a large composite city, a large range of towns, to which the name of the (well-known) great city of Nineveh was applied, in distinction from Nineveh in the more restricted sense, with which Nimrod probably connected the other three places so as to form one great capital, possibly also the chief fortress of his kingdom on the Tigris. These four cities most likely correspond to the ruins on the east of the Tigris, which Layard has so fully explored, viz., Nebbi Ynus and Kouyunjik opposite to Mosul, Khorsabad five hours to the north, and Nimrud eight hours to the south of Mosul.

(Note: This supposition of Rawlinson, Grote, M. v. Niebuhr, Knobel, Delitzsch and others, has recently been adopted by Ewald also.)

Gen 10:13-14

From Mizraim descended Ludim: not the Semitic Ludim (Gen 10:22), but, according to Movers, the old tribe of the Lewtah dwelling on the Syrtea, according to others, the Moorish tribes collectively. Whether the name is connected with the Laud flumen (Plin. v. 1) is uncertain; in any case Knobel is wrong in thinking of Ludian Shemites, whether Hyksos, who forced their way to Egypt, or Egyptianized Arabians. Anamim: inhabitants of the Delta, according to Knobel. He associates the Enemetiei'm of the lxx with Sanemhit, or Northern Egypt: "tsanemhit, i.e., pars, regio septentrionis." Lehabim (= Lubim, Nah 3:9) are, according to Josephus, the Δἰβνες or Δύβιες, not the great Libyan tribe (Phut, v. 6), which Nahum distinguishes from them, but the Libyaegyptii of the ancients. Naphtuchim: in Knobel's opinion, the Middle Egyptians, as the nation of Pthah, the god of Memphis: but Bochart is more probably correct in associating the name with Νέφθυς in Plut. de Is., the northern coast line of Egypt. Pathrusim: inhabitants of Pathros, Παθούρης, Egypt. Petrs, land of the south; i.e., Upper Egypt, the Thebais of the ancients. Casluchim: according to general admission the Colchians, who descended from the Egyptians (Herod. ii. 104), though the connection of the name with Cassiotis is uncertain. "From thence (i.e., from Casluchim, which is the name of both people and country) proceeded the Philistines." Philistim, lxx Φυλιστιείμ or Ἀλλόφλοι, lit., emigrants or immigrants from the Ethiopic fallâsa. This is not at variance with Amo 9:7 and Jer 47:4, according to which the Philistines came from Caphtor, so that there is no necessity to transpose the relative clause after Philistim. The two statements may be reconciled on the simple supposition that the Philistian nation was primarily a Casluchian colony, which settled on the south-eastern coast line of the Mediterranean between Gaza (Gen 10:19) and Pelusium, but was afterwards strengthened by immigrants from Caphtor, and extended its territory by pressing out the Avim (Deu 2:23, cf. Jos 13:3). Caphtorim: according to the old Jewish explanation, the Cappadocians; but according to Lakemacher's opinion, which has been revived by Ewald, etc., the Cretans. This is not decisively proved, however, either by the name Cherethites, given to the Philistines in Sa1 30:14; Zep 2:5, and Eze 25:16, or by the expression "isle of Caphtor" in Jer 47:4.

Gen 10:15-20

From Canaan descended "Zidon his first-born, and Heth." Although Zidon occurs in Gen 10:19 and throughout the Old Testament as the name of the oldest capital of the Phoenicians, here it must be regarded as the name of a person, not only because of the apposition "his first-born," and the verb ילד, "begat," but also because the name of a city does not harmonize with the names of the other descendants of Canaan, the analogy of which would lead us to expect the nomen gentile "Sidonian" (Jdg 3:3, etc.); and lastly, because the word Zidon, from צוּד to hunt, to catch, is not directly applicable to a sea-port and commercial town, and there are serious objections upon philological grounds to Justin's derivation, "quam a piscium ubertate Sidona appellaverunt, nam piscem Phoenices Sidon vocant" (var. hist. 18, 3). Heth is also the name of a person, from which the term Hittite (Gen 25:9; Num 13:29), equivalent to "sons of Heth" (Gen 23:5), is derived. "The Jebusite:" inhabitants of Jebus, afterwards called Jerusalem. "The Amorite:" not the inhabitants of the mountain or heights, for the derivation from אמיר, "summit," is not established, but a branch of the Canaanites, descended from Emor (Amor), which was spread far and wide over the mountains of Judah and beyond the Jordan in the time of Moses, so that in Gen 15:16; Gen 48:22, all the Canaanites are comprehended by the name. "The Girgashites," Γεργεσαῖος (lxx), are also mentioned in Gen 15:21; Deu 7:1, and Jos 24:11; but their dwelling-place is unknown, as the reading Γεργεσηνοί in Mat 8:28 is critically suspicious. "The Hivites" dwelt in Sichem (Gen 34:2), at Gibeon (Jos 9:7), and at the foot of Hermon (Jos 11:3); the meaning of the word is uncertain. "The Arkites:" inhabitants of Ἀρκή, to the north of Tripolis at the foot of Lebanon, the ruins of which still exist (vid., Robinson). "The Sinite:" the inhabitants of Sin or Sinna, a place in Lebanon not yet discovered. "The Arvadite," or Aradians, occupied from the eighth century before Christ, the small rocky island of Arados to the north of Tripolis. "The Zemarite:" the inhabitants of Simyra in Eleutherus. "The Hamathite:" the inhabitants or rather founders of Hamath on the most northerly border of Palestine (Num 13:21; Num 34:8), afterwards called Epiphania, on the river Orontes, the present Hamh, with 100,000 inhabitants. The words in Gen 10:18, "and afterward were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad," mean that they all proceeded from one local centre as branches of the same tribe, and spread themselves over the country, the limits of which are given in two directions, with evident reference to the fact that it was afterwards promised to the seed of Abraham for its inheritance, viz., from north to south, - "from Sidon, in the direction (lit., as thou comest) towards Gerar (see Gen 20:1), unto Gaza," the primitive Avvite city of the Philistines (Deu 2:23), now called Guzzeh, at the S.W. corner of Palestine, - and thence from west to east, in the direction towards Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim (see Gen 19:24) to Lesha," i.e., Calirrhoe, a place with sulphur baths, on the eastern side of the Dead Sea, in Wady Serka Maein (Seetzen and Ritter).

Adam Clarke Commentary on the Whole Bible - Published 1810-1826
Cush - Who peopled the Arabic nome near the Red Sea in Lower Egypt. Some think the Ethiopians descended from him. Mizraim - This family certainly peopled Egypt; and both in the East and in the West, Egypt is called Mezr and Mezraim. Phut - Who first peopled an Egyptian nome or district, bordering on Libya. Canaan - He who first peopled the land so called, known also by the name of the Promised Land.

Top

²² Wondrous works [06381] in the land [0776] of Ham [02526], and terrible things [03372] by the Red [05488] sea [03220].

²⁷ They shewed [07760] his signs [0226] [01697] among them, and wonders [04159] in the land [0776] of Ham [02526].

²³ Israel [03478] also came [0935] into Egypt [04714]; and Jacob [03290] sojourned [01481] in the land [0776] of Ham [02526].

²⁰ These are the sons [01121] of Ham [02526], after their families [04940], after their tongues [03956], in their countries [0776], and in their nations [01471].

¹ And Abraham [085] journeyed [05265] from thence toward the south [05045] country [0776], and dwelled [03427] between Kadesh [06946] and Shur [07793], and sojourned [01481] in Gerar [01642].

¹⁹ And the border [01366] of the Canaanites [03669] was from Sidon [06721], as thou comest [0935] to Gerar [01642], unto Gaza [05804]; as thou goest [0935], unto Sodom [05467], and Gomorrah [06017], and Admah [0126], and Zeboim [06636], even unto Lasha [03962].

¹⁵ For indeed I was stolen away [01589] out of the land [0776] of the Hebrews [05680]: and here also have I done [06213] nothing [03972] that they should put [07760] me into the dungeon [0953].

¹⁰ Then Toi [08583] sent [07971] Joram [03141] his son [01121] unto king [04428] David [01732], to salute [07592] [07965] him, and to bless [01288] him, because he had fought [03898] against Hadadezer [01909], and smitten [05221] him: for Hadadezer [01909] had wars [0376] [04421] with Toi [08583]. And Joram brought with him [03027] vessels [03627] of silver [03701], and vessels [03627] of gold [02091], and vessels [03627] of brass [05178]:

⁶⁵ And at that time [06256] Solomon [08010] held [06213] a feast [02282], and all Israel [03478] with him, a great [01419] congregation [06951], from the entering [0935] in of Hamath [02574] unto the river [05158] of Egypt [04714], before [06440] the LORD [03068] our God [0430], seven [07651] days [03117] and seven [07651] days [03117], even fourteen [0702] [06240] days [03117].

⁵ And the land [0776] of the Giblites [01382], and all Lebanon [03844], toward the sunrising [04217] [08121], from Baalgad [01171] under mount [02022] Hermon [02768] unto the entering [0935] into Hamath [02574].

²¹ So they went up [05927], and searched [08446] the land [0776] from the wilderness [04057] of Zin [06790] unto Rehob [07340], as men come [0935] to Hamath [02574].

²¹ And the king [04428] of Babylon [0894] smote [05221] them, and slew [04191] them at Riblah [07247] in the land [0776] of Hamath [02574]. So Judah [03063] was carried away [01540] out of their land [0127].

¹⁹ There was not a city [05892] that made peace [07999] with the children [01121] of Israel [03478], save the Hivites [02340] the inhabitants [03427] of Gibeon [01391]: all other they took [03947] in battle [04421].

³ And to the Canaanite [03669] on the east [04217] and on the west [03220], and to the Amorite [0567], and the Hittite [02850], and the Perizzite [06522], and the Jebusite [02983] in the mountains [02022], and to the Hivite [02340] under Hermon [02768] in the land [0776] of Mizpeh [04709].

¹⁷ And the children [01121] of Israel [03478] journeyed [05265], and came [0935] unto their cities [05892] on the third [07992] day [03117]. Now their cities [05892] were Gibeon [01391], and Chephirah [03716], and Beeroth [0881], and Kirjathjearim [07157].

² And the king [04428] called [07121] the Gibeonites [01393], and said [0559] unto them; (now the Gibeonites [01393] were not of the children [01121] of Israel [03478], but of the remnant [03499] of the Amorites [0567]; and the children [01121] of Israel [03478] had sworn [07650] unto them: and Saul [07586] sought [01245] to slay [05221] them in his zeal [07065] to the children [01121] of Israel [03478] and Judah [03063].)

²² Moreover I have given [05414] to thee one [0259] portion [07926] above thy brethren [0251], which I took [03947] out of the hand [03027] of the Amorite [0567] with my sword [02719] and with my bow [07198].

³ Namely, five [02568] lords [05633] of the Philistines [06430], and all the Canaanites [03669], and the Sidonians [06722], and the Hivites [02340] that dwelt [03427] in mount [02022] Lebanon [03844], from mount [02022] Baalhermon [01179] unto the entering in [0935] of Hamath [02574].

⁷ And the men [0376] of Israel [03478] said [0559] unto the Hivites [02340], Peradventure [0194] ye dwell [03427] among [07130] us; and how shall we make [03772] a league [01285] with you?

² And when Shechem [07927] the son [01121] of Hamor [02544] the Hivite [02340], prince [05387] of the country [0776], saw [07200] her, he took [03947] her, and lay [07901] with her, and defiled her [06031].

¹¹ And ye went over [05674] Jordan [03383], and came [0935] unto Jericho [03405]: and the men [01167] of Jericho [03405] fought [03898] against you, the Amorites [0567], and the Perizzites [06522], and the Canaanites [03669], and the Hittites [02850], and the Girgashites [01622], the Hivites [02340], and the Jebusites [02983]; and I delivered [05414] them into your hand [03027].

¹ When the LORD [03068] thy God [0430] shall bring [0935] thee into the land [0776] whither thou goest [0935] to possess [03423] it, and hath cast out [05394] many [07227] nations [01471] before [06440] thee, the Hittites [02850], and the Girgashites [01622], and the Amorites [0567], and the Canaanites [03669], and the Perizzites [06522], and the Hivites [02340], and the Jebusites [02983], seven [07651] nations [01471] greater [07227] and mightier [06099] than thou;

²¹ And the Amorites [0567], and the Canaanites [03669], and the Girgashites [01622], and the Jebusites [02983].

²⁸ And [2532] when he [846] was come [2064] to [1519] the other side [4008] into [1519] the country [5561] of the Gergesenes [1086], there met [5221] him [846] two [1417] possessed with devils [1139], coming [1831] out of [1537] the tombs [3419], exceeding [3029] fierce [5467], so that [5620] no [3361] man [5100] might [2480] pass [3928] by [1223] that [1565] way [3598].

¹ Now when these things were done [03615], the princes [08269] came [05066] to me, saying [0559], The people [05971] of Israel [03478], and the priests [03548], and the Levites [03881], have not separated [0914] themselves from the people [05971] of the lands [0776], doing according to their abominations [08441], even of the Canaanites [03669], the Hittites [02850], the Perizzites [06522], the Jebusites [02983], the Ammonites [05984], the Moabites [04125], the Egyptians [04713], and the Amorites [0567].

²⁰ And all the people [05971] that were left [03498] of the Amorites [0567], Hittites [02850], Perizzites [06522], Hivites [02340], and Jebusites [02983], which were not of the children [01121] of Israel [03478],

⁴⁷ And they possessed [03423] his land [0776], and the land [0776] of Og [05747] king [04428] of Bashan [01316], two [08147] kings [04428] of the Amorites [0567], which were on this side [05676] Jordan [03383] toward the sunrising [04217] [08121];

¹³ From thence they removed [05265], and pitched [02583] on the other side [05676] of Arnon [0769], which is in the wilderness [04057] that cometh out [03318] of the coasts [01366] of the Amorites [0567]: for Arnon [0769] is the border [01366] of Moab [04124], between Moab [04124] and the Amorites [0567].

⁵ Therefore the five [02568] kings [04428] of the Amorites [0567], the king [04428] of Jerusalem [03389], the king [04428] of Hebron [02275], the king [04428] of Jarmuth [03412], the king [04428] of Lachish [03923], the king [04428] of Eglon [05700], gathered themselves together [0622], and went up [05927], they and all their hosts [04264], and encamped [02583] before Gibeon [01391], and made war [03898] against it.

²⁹ The Amalekites [06002] dwell [03427] in the land [0776] of the south [05045]: and the Hittites [02850], and the Jebusites [02983], and the Amorites [0567], dwell [03427] in the mountains [02022]: and the Canaanites [03669] dwell [03427] by the sea [03220], and by the coast [03027] of Jordan [03383].

¹³ And there came [0935] one that had escaped [06412], and told [05046] Abram [087] the Hebrew [05680]; for he dwelt [07931] in the plain [0436] of Mamre [04471] the Amorite [0567], brother [0251] of Eshcol [0812], and brother [0251] of Aner [06063]: and these were confederate [01167] [01285] with Abram [087].

⁷ And they returned [07725], and came [0935] to [0413] Enmishpat [05880], which is Kadesh [06946], and smote [05221] all the country [07704] of the Amalekites [06003], and also the Amorites [0567], that dwelt [03427] in Hazezontamar [02688].

⁷ Nevertheless David [01732] took [03920] the strong hold [04686] of Zion [06726]: the same is the city [05892] of David [01732].

³⁴ And Esau [06215] was forty [0705] years [08141] old [01121] when he took [03947] to wife [0802] Judith [03067] the daughter [01323] of Beeri [0882] the Hittite [02850], and Bashemath [01315] the daughter [01323] of Elon [0356] the Hittite [02850]:
³⁵ Which were a grief [04786] of mind [07307] unto Isaac [03327] and to Rebekah [07259].

⁴ From the wilderness [04057] and this Lebanon [03844] even unto the great [01419] river [05104], the river [05104] Euphrates [06578], all the land [0776] of the Hittites [02850], and unto the great [01419] sea [03220] toward the going down [03996] of the sun [08121], shall be your coast [01366].

³ And Abraham [085] stood up [06965] from before [06440] his dead [04191], and spake [01696] unto the sons [01121] of Heth [02845], saying [0559],

¹⁵ And Canaan [03667] begat [03205] Sidon [06721] his firstborn [01060], and Heth [02845],
¹⁶ And the Jebusite [02983], and the Amorite [0567], and the Girgasite [01622],
¹⁷ And the Hivite [02340], and the Arkite [06208], and the Sinite [05513],
¹⁸ And the Arvadite [0721], and the Zemarite [06786], and the Hamathite [02577]: and afterward [0310] were the families [04940] of the Canaanites [03669] spread abroad [06327].
¹⁹ And the border [01366] of the Canaanites [03669] was from Sidon [06721], as thou comest [0935] to Gerar [01642], unto Gaza [05804]; as thou goest [0935], unto Sodom [05467], and Gomorrah [06017], and Admah [0126], and Zeboim [06636], even unto Lasha [03962].

⁷ Are ye not as children [01121] of the Ethiopians [03569] unto me, O children [01121] of Israel [03478]? saith [05002] the LORD [03068]. Have not I brought up [05927] Israel [03478] out of the land [0776] of Egypt [04714]? and the Philistines [06430] from Caphtor [03731], and the Syrians [0758] from Kir [07024]?

⁴ Because of the day [03117] that cometh [0935] to spoil [07703] all the Philistines [06430], and to cut off [03772] from Tyrus [06865] and Zidon [06721] every helper [05826] that remaineth [08300]: for the LORD [03068] will spoil [07703] the Philistines [06430], the remnant [07611] of the country [0339] of Caphtor [03731].

¹¹ The lofty [01365] looks [05869] of man [0120] shall be humbled [08213], and the haughtiness [07312] of men [0582] shall be bowed down [07817], and the LORD [03068] alone shall be exalted [07682] in that day [03117].

⁹ Ethiopia [03568] and Egypt [04714] were her strength [06109], and it was infinite [0369] [07097]; Put [06316] and Lubim [03864] were thy helpers [05833].

⁴³ And whereas [01768] thou sawest [02370] iron [06523] mixed [06151] with miry [02917] clay [02635], they shall mingle themselves [01934] [06151] with the seed [02234] of men [0606]: but they shall [01934] not [03809] cleave [01693] one [01836] to [05974] another [01836], even [01888] as iron [06523] is not [03809] mixed [06151] with clay [02635].

⁸ Were not the Ethiopians [03569] and the Lubims [03864] a huge [07230] host [02428], with very [03966] many [07235] chariots [07393] and horsemen [06571]? yet, because thou didst rely [08172] on the LORD [03068], he delivered [05414] them into thine hand [03027].

³ With twelve hundred [03967] [0505] chariots [07393], and threescore [08346] thousand [0505] horsemen [06571]: and the people [05971] were without number [04557] that came [0935] with him out of Egypt [04714]; the Lubims [03864], the Sukkiims [05525], and the Ethiopians [03569].

⁵ Ethiopia [03568], and Libya [06316], and Lydia [03865], and all the mingled [06153] people, and Chub [03552], and the men [01121] of the land [0776] that is in league [01285], shall fall [05307] with them by the sword [02719].

¹⁰ They of Persia [06539] and of Lud [03865] and of Phut [06316] were in thine army [02428], thy men [0582] of war [04421]: they hanged [08518] the shield [04043] and helmet [03553] in thee; they set forth [05414] thy comeliness [01926].

⁹ Come up [05927], ye horses [05483]; and rage [01984], ye chariots [07393]; and let the mighty men [01368] come forth [03318]; the Ethiopians [03568] and the Libyans [06316], that handle [08610] the shield [04043]; and the Lydians [03866], that handle [08610] and bend [01869] the bow [07198].

¹⁹ And I will set [07760] a sign [0226] among them, and I will send [07971] those that escape [06412] of them unto the nations [01471], to Tarshish [08659], Pul [06322], and Lud [03865], that draw [04900] the bow [07198], to Tubal [08422], and Javan [03120], to the isles [0339] afar off [07350], that have not heard [08085] my fame [08088], neither have seen [07200] my glory [03519]; and they shall declare [05046] my glory [03519] among the Gentiles [01471].

¹³ And Mizraim [04714] begat [03205] Ludim [03866], and Anamim [06047], and Lehabim [03853], and Naphtuhim [05320],
¹⁴ And Pathrusim [06625], and Casluhim [03695], (out of whom came [03318] Philistim [06430],) and Caphtorim [03732].

¹² And Resen [07449] between Nineveh [05210] and Calah [03625]: the same is a great [01419] city [05892].

¹¹ Out of that land [0776] went forth [03318] Asshur [0804], and builded [01129] Nineveh [05210], and the city [05892] Rehoboth [07344], and Calah [03625],

²³ Haran [02771], and Canneh [03656], and Eden [05729], the merchants [07402] of Sheba [07614], Asshur [0804], and Chilmad [03638], were thy merchants [07402].

⁹ Is not Calno [03641] as Carchemish [03751]? is not Hamath [02574] as Arpad [0774]? is not Samaria [08111] as Damascus [01834]?

¹⁰ And the beginning [07225] of his kingdom [04467] was Babel [0894], and Erech [0751], and Accad [0390], and Calneh [03641], in the land [0776] of Shinar [08152].

¹⁶ Behold, I will send [07971] for many [07227] fishers [01771] [01728], saith [05002] the LORD [03068], and they shall fish [01770] them; and after [0310] will I send [07971] for many [07227] hunters [06719], and they shall hunt [06679] them from every mountain [02022], and from every hill [01389], and out of the holes [05357] of the rocks [05553].

¹¹ Moreover, my father [01], see [07200], yea, see [07200] the skirt [03671] of thy robe [04598] in my hand [03027]: for in that I cut off [03772] the skirt [03671] of thy robe [04598], and killed [02026] thee not, know [03045] thou and see [07200] that there is neither evil [07451] nor transgression [06588] in mine hand [03027], and I have not sinned [02398] against thee; yet thou huntest [06658] my soul [05315] to take [03947] it.

¹² The LORD [03068] judge [08199] between me and thee, and the LORD [03068] avenge [05358] me of thee: but mine hand [03027] shall not be upon thee.

⁸ And Cush [03568] begat [03205] Nimrod [05248]: he began [02490] to be [01961] a mighty one [01368] in the earth [0776].
⁹ He was a mighty [01368] hunter [06718] before [06440] the LORD [03068]: wherefore [03651] it is said [0559], Even as Nimrod [05248] the mighty [01368] hunter [06718] before [06440] the LORD [03068].
¹⁰ And the beginning [07225] of his kingdom [04467] was Babel [0894], and Erech [0751], and Accad [0390], and Calneh [03641], in the land [0776] of Shinar [08152].
¹¹ Out of that land [0776] went forth [03318] Asshur [0804], and builded [01129] Nineveh [05210], and the city [05892] Rehoboth [07344], and Calah [03625],
¹² And Resen [07449] between Nineveh [05210] and Calah [03625]: the same is a great [01419] city [05892].

¹⁴ Thus saith [0559] the LORD [03068], The labour [03018] of Egypt [04714], and merchandise [05505] of Ethiopia [03568] and of the Sabeans [05436], men [0582] of stature [04060], shall come over [05674] unto thee, and they shall be thine: they shall come [03212] after [0310] thee; in chains [02131] they shall come over [05674], and they shall fall down [07812] unto thee, they shall make supplication [06419] unto thee, saying, Surely God [0410] is in thee; and there is none else, there is no [0657] God [0430].

³ For I am the LORD [03068] thy God [0430], the Holy One [06918] of Israel [03478], thy Saviour [03467]: I gave [05414] Egypt [04714] for thy ransom [03724], Ethiopia [03568] and Seba [05434] for thee.

⁷ And the sons [01121] of Cush [03568]; Seba [05434], and Havilah [02341], and Sabtah [05454], and Raamah [07484], and Sabtecha [05455]: and the sons [01121] of Raamah [07484]; Sheba [07614], and Dedan [01719].

⁹ The shew [01971] of their countenance [06440] doth witness against them [06030]; and they declare [05046] their sin [02403] as Sodom [05467], they hide [03582] it not. Woe [0188] unto their soul [05315]! for they have rewarded [01580] evil [07451] unto themselves.

²⁵ I have digged [06979], and drunk [08354] water [04325]; and with the sole [03709] of my feet [06471] have I dried up [02717] all the rivers [02975] of the besieged places [04693].

⁶ And they shall turn [02186] the rivers [05104] far away [02186]; and the brooks [02975] of defence [04693] shall be emptied [01809] and dried up [02717]: the reeds [07070] and flags [05488] shall wither [07060].

²⁴ I have digged [06979] and drunk [08354] strange [02114] waters [04325], and with the sole [03709] of my feet [06471] have I dried [02717] up all the rivers [02975] of besieged places [04693].

⁴⁰ And they found [04672] fat [08082] pasture [04829] and good [02896], and the land [0776] was wide [07342] [03027], and quiet [08252], and peaceable [07961]; for they of Ham [02526] had dwelt [03427] there of old [06440].

²² Wondrous works [06381] in the land [0776] of Ham [02526], and terrible things [03372] by the Red [05488] sea [03220].

²⁷ They shewed [07760] his signs [0226] [01697] among them, and wonders [04159] in the land [0776] of Ham [02526].

²³ Israel [03478] also came [0935] into Egypt [04714]; and Jacob [03290] sojourned [01481] in the land [0776] of Ham [02526].

⁵¹ And smote [05221] all the firstborn [01060] in Egypt [04714]; the chief [07225] of their strength [0202] in the tabernacles [0168] of Ham [02526]:

²⁴ And Noah [05146] awoke [03364] from his wine [03196], and knew [03045] what his younger [06996] son [01121] had done [06213] unto him.

⁶ And the sons [01121] of Ham [02526]; Cush [03568], and Mizraim [04714], and Phut [06316], and Canaan [03667].

²⁴ Then the LORD [03068] rained [04305] upon Sodom [05467] and upon Gomorrah [06017] brimstone [01614] and fire [0784] from the LORD [03068] out of heaven [08064];

²³ And the Avims [05761] which dwelt [03427] in Hazerim [02699], even unto Azzah [05804], the Caphtorims [03732], which came forth [03318] out of Caphtor [03731], destroyed [08045] them, and dwelt [03427] in their stead.)

¹ And Abraham [085] journeyed [05265] from thence toward the south [05045] country [0776], and dwelled [03427] between Kadesh [06946] and Shur [07793], and sojourned [01481] in Gerar [01642].

¹⁸ And the Arvadite [0721], and the Zemarite [06786], and the Hamathite [02577]: and afterward [0310] were the families [04940] of the Canaanites [03669] spread abroad [06327].

⁸ From mount [02022] Hor [02023] ye shall point out [08376] your border unto the entrance [0935] of Hamath [02574]; and the goings forth [08444] of the border [01366] shall be to Zedad [06657]:

²¹ So they went up [05927], and searched [08446] the land [0776] from the wilderness [04057] of Zin [06790] unto Rehob [07340], as men come [0935] to Hamath [02574].

⁷ And the men [0376] of Israel [03478] said [0559] unto the Hivites [02340], Peradventure [0194] ye dwell [03427] among [07130] us; and how shall we make [03772] a league [01285] with you?

²¹ And the Amorites [0567], and the Canaanites [03669], and the Girgashites [01622], and the Jebusites [02983].

¹⁶ But in the fourth [07243] generation [01755] they shall come hither [02008] again [07725]: for the iniquity [05771] of the Amorites [0567] is not yet [02008] full [08003].

⁵ And the children [01121] of Heth [02845] answered [06030] Abraham [085], saying [0559] unto him,

⁹ And his sons [01121] Isaac [03327] and Ishmael [03458] buried [06912] him in the cave [04631] of Machpelah [04375], in the field [07704] of Ephron [06085] the son [01121] of Zohar [06714] the Hittite [02850], which is before [06440] Mamre [04471];

¹⁶ Therefore thus saith [0559] the Lord [0136] GOD [03069]; Behold, I will stretch out [05186] mine hand [03027] upon the Philistines [06430], and I will cut off [03772] the Cherethims [03774], and destroy [06] the remnant [07611] of the sea [03220] coast [02348].

⁵ Woe [01945] unto the inhabitants [03427] of the sea [03220] coast [02256], the nation [01471] of the Cherethites [03774]! the word [01697] of the LORD [03068] is against you; O Canaan [03667], the land [0776] of the Philistines [06430], I will even destroy [06] thee, that there shall be no inhabitant [03427].

¹⁴ We made an invasion [06584] upon the south [05045] of the Cherethites [03774], and upon the coast which belongeth to Judah [03063], and upon the south [05045] of Caleb [03612]; and we burned [08313] Ziklag [06860] with fire [0784].

³ From Sihor [07883], which is before [06440] Egypt [04714], even unto the borders [01366] of Ekron [06138] northward [06828], which is counted [02803] to the Canaanite [03669]: five [02568] lords [05633] of the Philistines [06430]; the Gazathites [05841], and the Ashdothites [0796], the Eshkalonites [0832], the Gittites [01663], and the Ekronites [06139]; also the Avites [05761]:

⁹ Ethiopia [03568] and Egypt [04714] were her strength [06109], and it was infinite [0369] [07097]; Put [06316] and Lubim [03864] were thy helpers [05833].

²² The children [01121] of Shem [08035]; Elam [05867], and Asshur [0804], and Arphaxad [0775], and Lud [03865], and Aram [0758].

³ So Jonah [03124] arose [06965], and went [03212] unto Nineveh [05210], according to the word [01697] of the LORD [03068]. Now Nineveh [05210] was an exceeding [0430] great [01419] city [05892] of three [07969] days [03117]' journey [04109].

¹¹ Out of that land [0776] went forth [03318] Asshur [0804], and builded [01129] Nineveh [05210], and the city [05892] Rehoboth [07344], and Calah [03625],
¹² And Resen [07449] between Nineveh [05210] and Calah [03625]: the same is a great [01419] city [05892].

⁹ Then [0116] wrote Rehum [07348] the chancellor [01169] [02942], and Shimshai [08124] the scribe [05613], and the rest [07606] of their companions [03675]; the Dinaites [01784], the Apharsathchites [0671], the Tarpelites [02967], the Apharsites [0670], the Archevites [0756], the Babylonians [0896], the Susanchites [07801], the Dehavites [01723], and the Elamites [05962],

¹⁰ And the beginning [07225] of his kingdom [04467] was Babel [0894], and Erech [0751], and Accad [0390], and Calneh [03641], in the land [0776] of Shinar [08152].

²⁰ In [1722] which [3739] time [2540] Moses [3475] was born [1080], and [2532] was [2258] exceeding [2316] fair [791], and [3739] nourished up [397] in [1722] his [846] father's [3962] house [3624] three [5140] months [3376]:

⁴ There were giants [05303] in the earth [0776] in those days [03117]; and also after [0310] that [03651], when [0834] the sons [01121] of God [0430] came in [0935] unto the daughters [01323] of men [0120], and they bare [03205] children to them, the same [01992] became mighty men [01368] which were of old [05769], men [0582] of renown [08034].

²⁶ And Joktan [03355] begat [03205] Almodad [0486], and Sheleph [08026], and Hazarmaveth [02700], and Jerah [03392],

²⁴ And Arphaxad [0775] begat [03205] Salah [07974]; and Salah [07974] begat [03205] Eber [05677].

¹⁵ And Canaan [03667] begat [03205] Sidon [06721] his firstborn [01060], and Heth [02845],

¹³ And Mizraim [04714] begat [03205] Ludim [03866], and Anamim [06047], and Lehabim [03853], and Naphtuhim [05320],

³⁹ And they went [03212] to the entrance [03996] of Gedor [01446], even unto the east side [04217] of the valley [01516], to seek [01245] pasture [04829] for their flocks [06629].
⁴⁰ And they found [04672] fat [08082] pasture [04829] and good [02896], and the land [0776] was wide [07342] [03027], and quiet [08252], and peaceable [07961]; for they of Ham [02526] had dwelt [03427] there of old [06440].
⁴¹ And these written [03789] by name [08034] came [0935] in the days [03117] of Hezekiah [03169] king [04428] of Judah [03063], and smote [05221] their tents [0168], and the habitations [04583] that were found [04672] there, and destroyed [02763] them utterly unto this day [03117], and dwelt [03427] in their rooms: because there was pasture [04829] there for their flocks [06629].

²² And Jokim [03137], and the men [0582] of Chozeba [03578], and Joash [03101], and Saraph [08315], who had the dominion [01166] in Moab [04124], and Jashubilehem [03433]. And these are ancient [06267] things [01697].
²³ These were the potters [03335], and those that dwelt [03427] among plants [05196] and hedges [01448]: there they dwelt [03427] with the king [04428] for his work [04399].

²³ And he took [03947] Geshur [01650], and Aram [0758], with the towns [02333] of Jair [02971], from them, with Kenath [07079], and the towns [01323] thereof, even threescore [08346] cities [05892]. All these belonged to the sons [01121] of Machir [04353] the father [01] of Gilead [01568].

⁷ And the sons [01121] of Carmi [03756]; Achar [05917], the troubler [05916] of Israel [03478], who transgressed [04603] in the thing accursed [02764].

³ And Jokshan [03370] begat [03205] Sheba [07614], and Dedan [01719]. And the sons [01121] of Dedan [01719] were Asshurim [0805], and Letushim [03912], and Leummim [03817].

²⁸ And Obal [05745], and Abimael [039], and Sheba [07614],

²⁵ And he said [0559], Cursed [0779] be Canaan [03667]; a servant [05650] of servants [05650] shall he be unto his brethren [0251].